However, for Algeria, much is alsoat stakeif they can't meet the demand. Countries similar in appearance but heterogeneous in fact. According to Rabat, which controls 80% of the natural resources (fishing, phosphate) of this vast area, Western Sahara is an autonomous territory according to the UN, in the absence of a final settlement of the conflict. Three factors contributed to the outbreak of this conflict: the absence of a precise delineation of the border between Algeria and Morocco, the discovery of important mineral resources in the disputed area, and the Moroccan irredentism fueled by the Greater Morocco[9] ideology of the Istiqlal Party and Allal al-Fassi.[10]. Let the Morocco and Algeria see who is more powerful. No official source takes a clear position on the military crusade, either for or against. Morocco is more liberal and attached to Europe. Moroccos King Mohammed VI called for the restoration of diplomatic ties with Algeria. Please contact us in case of abuse. Morocco caught up with Algeria . On 1 November, the 67th anniversary of the outbreak of the Algerian War of Independence, three Algerian truck drivers, who were travelling between Nouakchott and Ouargla, were killed in an attack that Algiers attributed to Moroccan forces. Click 'COMPARE' to process the request. Called the War of the Sands, this war refers to the attack of the Algerian army on Moroccan troops which caused the death of 12 Moroccan soldiers. Nine African war veterans finally return to their home countries with the insurance to get their full pensions. [4] The Royal Moroccan Army soon crossed into Algeria in force and succeeded in taking the two border posts of Hassi-Beida and Tindjoub. Algeria has been using the Gaz-Maghreb-Europe pipeline (GME) for the past 25 years to deliver natural gas to Spain and Portugal via Morocco. Aged between 85 and 96 . Simply use the dropdowns below to select your global powers. [26], The Algerian forces began to retaliate against the Moroccan advances, taking back the ports of Hassi-Beida and Tindjoub on October 8. - In order for bilateral military confrontation to occur, there are different patterns that have to be reached: o War is the ultimate instrument for the defence of the country's strategic interests, which include national security and the country's projection as an international actor. Immediately, it risks materializing as Algiers rearming the Polisario, which has declared that it is no longer concerned with the ceasefire and has been at war with the Moroccan presence in Western Sahara since November 2020. The Western Sahara conflict. For the time being, however, all attempts have failed despite the autonomy plan proposed by Rabat and the claim of a referendum by the Polisario Front. Despite a truce in 1991, both sides have been at loggerheads for years. o The impossibility of successful international mediation. The accumulation of crisis factors between the two countries, the arms race in which they are involved, and the contradictory and largely antagonistic interests of the two countries raise concerns and fears of a possible large-scale armed conflict in North Africa. Known Issues High idle power has situationally been observed when using select high-resolution and high refresh rate displays on Radeon RX 7000 series GPUs. Please enable Javascript in order to access to this story. However, it is to the MAK, and to the Rachad organization stamped pro-Hirak, also judged terrorist, that the Algerian power has decided to attribute the fires in Kabylia and in many regions of Algeria. Answer (1 of 5): It depends on who starts the war, however Portugal and morocco arent enemies, they have no current conflict. The Western Sahara crisis continues to poison relations between the two states. [39] After the four leaders met alone on October 30, a truce was declared. In the case of UNFP, its leader, Mehdi Ben Barka, sided with Algeria, and was sentenced to death in absentia as a result. Rabats African strategy has allowed it to develop relationships and trade agreements with regional groups such as ECOWAS and turn some African states in its favor on the Western Sahara issue. He has taught in the past some courses in universities in the USA, Spain, France, Italy, England and Greece. The Sand War laid the foundations for a lasting and often intensely hostile rivalry between Morocco and Algeria, exacerbated by the differences in political outlook between the conservative Moroccan monarchy and the revolutionary, Arab nationalist Algerian military government. Western Sahara is today the burning issue between Morocco and Algeria. He recently taught cultural studies to Semester abroad students with AMIDEAST, IES and CIEE study abroad programs in Morocco insuring such courses as: Introduction to Moroccan Culture, Contemporary North African History, Arab Spring, Amazigh Culture, Moroccan Jewish Legacy, Community-Based Learning (internship with civil society organizations). The GFP country comparison form is provided to allow you to make direct, side-by-side comparisons of any two world powers represented in the GFP database. [5] Morocco's Western allies provided assistance, after Morocco's formal requests for military aid. World Military Loop 721 subscribers Subscribe 3.7K views 11 months ago #military #Morocco #Algeria In this video, we have. Rabat announced the severance of diplomatic relations with Algiers in protest against the latters decision to join a number of mostly African countries recognising the unilateral decision of the Polisario Front to establish the so-called Sahrawi Arab Republic. These developments were all it took for both countries media outlets to launch into virulent and often insulting smear campaigns against the opposing side. Today, one must consider that this consensus is dead. Tensions between Algeria and Morocco have never been as tense in 45 years. Especially since Algiers first, followed by Rabat, has been engaged in an arms race Russian for Algeria, Western for Morocco for the past fifteen years, which has not had the virtue of creating a more fraternal atmosphere between the two countries. [11][42] In January 1969, Algerian President Houari Boumediene made a state visit to Morocco and signed a treaty of friendship with Hassan's government at Ifrane. This is part two of a five-part series. Here are the most prominent tensions between the two countries over the past decades: Algeria and Morocco confronted each other militarily over a border dispute in the so-called Sand War in October 1963 following Algerias independence on July 5, 1962. According to the investigation by the Forbidden Stories Consortium and Amnesty International, about 6,000 Algerian phone numbers including some belonging to senior political, military, and intelligence officials, including current Foreign Minister Ramtane Lamamra, as well as the current and former army chief of staff were identified as targets of the Pegasus software, which was marketed by the Israeli company NSO in 2019. Give yourself a headstart: The killing of thethree drivers on a desert road is the latest peak in a series ofgrowing tensionsbetween the two Maghreb states that support opposite sides of the dispute over the Western Sahara territory, a former Spanish colony. Morocco condemned provocative acts and transgressions at the opening of a regional football tournament in Algeria, at which the grandson of Nelson Mandela made a speech and called for Western Sahara to be free. Before French colonization of the region in the nineteenth century, part of south and west Algeria were under Moroccan influence and no border was defined. Part of the Military Factory network of sites that includes, 2023 www.GlobalFirepower.com All Rights Reserved Content 2006-2023 (17yrs). [26] The Moroccans were determined to adjust the border, which the Algerians would not allow, resulting in an impasse. The Western Sahara conflict. It is the direct successor of the National Liberation Army (ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front, which fought French colonial rule during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962).The People's National Army include the Algerian Land Forces, the Algerian Air Force, the Navy (the Marine de la Rpublique Algrienne), and the Algerian Air Defence Force. About Algeria Army Arabic : (: : : ) . About: GlobalFirepower.com is an annually-updated, statistics-based website tracking defense-related information of 145 nations and exists as a wholly-independent resource. [5] The demilitarized zone was maintained in the meantime, monitored by the OAU's first multinational peacekeeping force. o War is the ultimate instrument for the defence of the country's strategic interests, which include national security and the country's projection as an international actor. In reality, it is explained by the nature of power in Algeria, which, lacking democratic or at least historical legitimacy, sees this hostility as necessary for its internal hegemony and continuation. This was only the latest episode in a process of escalation between the two countries. But if the myth of a united Maghreb is still alive, it no longer covers the same realities. can rely on a broad social and political consensus that the Western Sahara should be Moroccan and he has little criticism to fear from his own people," Sonja Hegasy, Vice Director at the Berlin-based Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient (Leibniz Center for the Modern Orient, ZMO), told DW on the phone. In their three previous meetings this season, the Warriors won twice. The Algerian foreign ministry protested against the authorities of some countries, especially Morocco, using the Israeli spyware programme Pegasus against Algerian officials and citizens. [31] On October 13, 1963, Moroccan ground units launched a major offensive on Tindouf. So far, no mediation has been successful, but both capitals do not close their doors to mediators. The major events of the decade in neighboring countries the change of Ben Alis regime in Tunisia, the overthrow of Gaddafi in Libya, the declaration of independence of Azawad in Mali, in 2012, the French Serval intervention, the attacks of jihadists against the gas site of Ain Amenas in the south in January 2013 are interpreted as evidence of a desire to destabilize the country. The Moroccan kingdoms proactive approach to diplomacy within African institutions has led, in a little over a year, several African countries to open consulates in Western Sahara. o The legal limbo in terms of international legality, in which the Western Sahara conflict finds itself, is not the cause of the crisis between Morocco and Algeria, although it is an aggravating factor. . [7] Moroccan losses were probably lower than the Algerians' but are unconfirmed,[6] with later sources reporting 200 Moroccan dead. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statutes that might otherwise be infringing. But I will answer your question to the best of my ability. Of course, the race for regional hegemony remains a major motive for both countries. Could the situation descend into a full-blown conflict? List of wars involving Morocco and the former entities that ruled the current Morocco. The review of relations referred to in the HCS statement risks including restoration of travel visas between the two countries and a reduction in economic cooperation at a time when both markets need more opportunities. There is no longer any question today of establishing institutional links between the three major countries i.e. [20] The discovery of large deposits of oil and minerals (iron, manganese) in the region led France to define more precisely the territories, and in 1952 the French decided to integrate Tindouf and Colomb-Bechar to the French departments of Algeria. Algeria accused Rabat of inciting Tel Aviv against it. The Moroccan consul in the western Algerian city of Oran called Algeria an enemy country, prompting the Algerian foreign ministry to summon the Moroccan ambassador and to declare the implicated diplomat persona non grata. Medgaz was the backup plan. Non- profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.================Chapters :0:00 Primary Information01:16 Land Power02:48 Air Power04:14 Naval Power05:15 End Attention These results are not 100% accurate. [23] However, Hassan was reluctant to authorise it, fearing that another battle would prompt further military intervention from Algeria's allies. Morocco controls 80% of the Western Sahara, Algeria supports the independence movementPolisario Front. The war began on the night of October 31, 1954. Tensions between Algeria and Morocco were at their highest this past summer. To justify this new break in diplomatic relations, Algiers enumerates a long list of grievances, which goes back to the War of the Sands of 1963, about the delimitation of the border, then evokes the conflict of Western Sahara and ends by denouncing the danger that represents for Algeria and the region the normalization of relations between Israel and Morocco acted in December 2020. This is part three of a five-part series. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Algeria's ill-equipped. [5] The United States feared the escalation and internationalization of the war, particularly wanting to avoid Soviet intervention, and therefore advocated for the peaceful resolution of the conflict. [25] These factors prompted Hassan to begin moving troops towards Tindouf. Discredited for its inability to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic as well as the fury of the fires ravaging Kabylia, Algeria has accused Morocco of complicity in these fires denounced as hostile acts.. Until that point, relations between Algeria and Morocco were icy, but cooperative. These tensions finally resulted in the closure of land borders in 1994. Moroccan youth organised a protest in front of the Algerian consulate in the northern city of Casablanca against Bouteflikas statements on human rights in the Sahara region. So far, and despite the magnitude of annual arms acquisitions ranging from 6.5 per cent of GDP for Morocco to no less than 10 per cent of GDP for Algeria, these huge arsenals are not solely for the purpose of confronting each other, but are part of the geo-political rivalry between the two countries in North Africa and the Western Mediterranean. [29] The Soviet Union supplied Algeria with ten T-34 tanks, but these were equipped for clearing minefields and were delivered without turrets or armament. One of the reasons that Death Battle was born was due to the fact that since the dawn of versus debates, people discussed who would win, who could winbut rarely ever did the full work to prove who could win. Thursday, February 23, 2023 By: Andrew Wells-Dang, Ph.D. Fifty years ago, the accords led to the withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Vietnam, marking an important step toward a post-war settlement between the United States and Vietnam. [28] The Algerian army had ordered a large number of AMX-13 light tanks from France in 1962,[29] but, at the time of the fighting, only twelve were in service. (1954-1962). ( ) .================COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER UNDER SECTION 107 OF THE COPYRIGHT ACT 1976 Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for \"fair use\" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. In previous times, for example, during the so-called War of the Sands in 1963, the war clashes in 1976, and in the 1980s in the midst of an armed confrontation between the Moroccan armed forces and the Polisario Front guerrillas, which resulted in thousands of deaths, wounded and prisoners, diplomatic relations between Algeria and Morocco were maintained. Since the War of the Sands, nothing has been settled between the two countries, except for a few problems whose solution could not be delayed too long, and which required delicate negotiations: such as the demarcation of the demilitarized zone on the border, or the fate of the people and goods on both sides that suffered from the conflict, or the cooperation agreements concluded or prepared before the crisis and which were never put into effect. The Algerian authorities had previously cut their diplomatic . For decades, Algeria and Morocco have been at loggerheads over the Western Sahara conflict between the Polisario Front independence fighters, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in 1976 supported by Algeria since the departure of the former Spanish colonial power in 1975 and Morocco, which currently administers and occupies this former colony, considering it an integral part of the Sherifian kingdom. Tensions between Algeria and Morocco have never been as tense in 45 years. Referring to the speech of Ramtane Lamamra, the new head of Algerian diplomacy, at the same conference, he also said that Algeria should not deny this right to the Kabyle people while supporting the self-determination of the Sahrawis and Palestinians. The protest ended with the burning of the Algerian flag. The Sand War led to heightened tensions between the two countries for several decades. Progress on the issue has been at a standstill ever since Morocco and the Polisario Front signed a cease-fire agreement in 1991, but Rabat recently scored a few diplomatic wins, such as the United States move to recognise Moroccan sovereignty over the territory in late 2020. Relations between arch-enemies Morocco and Algeria have hit a new low after three Algerian truck drivers were killed on Monday. They are characterized by a rivalry for leadership in the region, but also by periods of tension. Marinid Sultanate (1244-1465) [ edit] Wattasid Sultanate (1472-1554) [ edit] Saadi Sultanate (1510-1659) [ edit] Alaouite Sultanate (1668-1912) [ edit] Kingdom of Morocco (1956-present) [ edit] References [ edit] ^ Mrini, Driss; Alaoui, Ismal (1997). [27] Its logistics was also complicated by its vast array of largely obsolete weapons from a number of diverse sources, including France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, and the United States. During the Cold War, Algeria was much less inclined to liberalism. Both states are aware that such an escalation would be frowned upon internationally. [26], The Algerian military, recently formed from the guerrilla ranks of the FLN's Arme de Libration Nationale (ALN), was still oriented towards asymmetric warfare, and had few heavy weapons. [40] However, a Malian officer arrived on November 4 and enforced the Bamako Accord, ending the hostilities. He invaded the country in 1963. Moroccan activism, Algerian tension The borders around this region were loosely defined. By downloading this PDF you agree to subscribe to The Africa Report Daily newsletter, This year's AU could work to Morocco's advantage over Western Sahara, Morocco/Algeria : Tensions on the rise after Algerian show mocks the King, Morocco/Algeria: Western Sahara conflict shows signs of escalation, Morocco/Algeria: The armed forces behind the Western Sahara conflict, Morocco/Algeria: Military leaders in the shadows, Morocco/Algeria: Jeune Afrique, a magazine caught between two mortal enemies. You can follow Professor Mohamed Chtatou on Twitter: @Ayurinu, 2023 The Times of Israel , All Rights Reserved. Morocco and Algeria have engaged in a dangerous arms race in recent decades. Rising tensions between the two countries could tarnish the picture in the eyes of the international community, or at least raise its concern. In 1940 each of the five territories along the North African coastEgypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Moroccohad a colonial or semi-colonial status under a European power. Wake up to the essential with the Editor's picks. "Algeria, The Maghreb Union, and the Western Sahara Stalemate. Algeria is represented in Morocco by a consulate general in Rabat, and two consulates in Casablanca and Oujda. Although the Moroccan state did not interfere in the annexation of the Tuat region, several Moroccan tribes independently sent volunteers to fight against the French. Ukrainian soldiers find remains of German WWII soldiers, LGBTQ+ rights situation at home drives young Slovaks abroad, Remembering the horrors of Colonia Dignidad in Chile. [23], Multiple actors, including the Arab League, Tunisia's Habib Bourguiba, Libya's King Idris, and Ethiopia's Emperor Haile Selassie, sought to moderate negotiations.
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