The Battle of Las Queseras del Medio was an important military action carried out on April 2,[note 1] falling on his pursuers and destroying the royalist cavalry fleeing back to their camp. The aim of the document was to change public opinion about the Venezuelan war of liberation, so that instead of being seen as a mere civil war in one of the colonies of Spain, it would be seen as an international war between two countries, Venezuela and Spain. As of February 1814, a series of encounters between patriots and royalists took place in an area from Lago de Valencia to San Mateo in what is known as the Valles de Aragua. All over Venezuela, cities and towns decided either to follow Caracas' lead or not: many cities chose to remain under Spanish rule. Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. This led to fighting and a de facto Civil War in Venezuela. In one of those battles, near Barquisimeto, the republicans faced the royalists led by Jos Ceballos on November 10. Morillo informs Bolivar about the unilateral ceasefire of the Spanish army and the invitation to confer an agreement to regularize the war. It also implied the replacement of the absolute monarchy by the republic as the form of government in Venezuela. All throughout his many adventures in Europe, he dreamed of freedom for his homeland. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962. On March 26, 1812, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, an earthquake destroyed Caracas causing great damage and the death of about 20,000 people. That same year, Bolvar lost control of Puerto Cabello and Francisco de Miranda capitulated in San Mateo before the royalist chief Domingo Monteverde, signing an agreement that consisted in the surrender of weapons by the patriots. The Complete Story of Venezuela's Revolution for Independence. On September 24, his wife Luisa Cceres de Arismendi, who was pregnant, is taken hostage to subdue her husband and locked up under surveillance in the house of the Arns family, days later she is transferred to a dungeon of the Castillo Santa Rosa in La Asuncin. Colonel Manuel Villapol was placed on the right; Colonel Florencio Palacios in the center and Lieutenant Colonel Vicente Campo Elas, with the Barlovento battalion, on the left. The provinces were represented as follows: Caracas 24 deputies; Barinas 9; Cuman 4; Barcelona 3; Mrida 2; Trujillo 1; Margarita 1. Monteverde withdraws to Puerto Cabello and Bolvar returns to Caracas after sending Urdaneta against Coro. The purpose of the Armistice Treaty was to suspend hostilities in order to facilitate talks between the two sides, with a view to conclude a definitive peace. In these encounters the Battle of Araure stands out, in which Simn Bolvar defeated Jos Ceballos. [4], Guayana spoke out on May 11 in favor of the Supreme Junta, but upon learning on June 3 of the installation in Spain of the Supreme Central and Governing Junta of Spain and the Indies, it recognized the latter as the legitimate authority and distanced itself from the Caracas revolution. Some cities and regions opted for a limited independence: they would take care of their own affairs until such time as Ferdinand was restored. Roscio and Isnardi then spoke following the reading of the declaration. Criticism of the colonial regime, dissemination of separatist ideas, and pressure on the Congress to declare independence were the most important actions of the Patriotic Society. In the years leading up to independence, the Creoles (those born in Venezuela of European descent) began to resent Spain for high taxes, limited opportunities, and mismanagement of the colony. The independence of Venezuela produced the armed conflict known as the Venezuelan War of Independence between the independence army or Patriotas ("patriots") and the royalist army or Realistas ("royalists"). Bolivar took advantage of the momentary disorder that occurred among the attackers and launched a counterattack, with which he recaptured the "high house". The most feared royalist force was the "Infernal Legion" of tough-as-nails plainsmen led by cunning Spaniard Tomas "Taita"Boves, who cruelly executed prisoners and pillaged towns that had formerly been held by the patriots. In the high house of the San Mateo hacienda, property of Simn Bolvar, the park was placedthe custody of which was entrusted to Captain Antonio Ricaurte and a small troop of 50 soldiers. On February 16, he set sail for Ccuta as there was danger due to the presence of Ramn Correa and his royalist forces. Crowned our summits of glory when Ribas brandished the sword, and to his homeric zeal La Victoria with blood of the oppressors its fields sprayed")[12]. The population of Caracas, threatened by the imminent arrival of Boves, had to flee to the east. The third republic corresponds to the period between 1817 and December 1819, the year in which Simn Bolvar created the Gran Colombia republic. In early 1819, Bolvar was cornered in western Venezuela with his army. When the USS Maine sank, the United States believed the tragedy was the result of Spanish sabotage and declared war on Spain. [25] However, the figure of slavery was maintained until 1854 when President Jos Gregorio Monagas eliminated it. The war continues with two parallel campaigns, unconnected but effective, one from the East, commanded by general Santiago Mario, known as the Eastern Campaign, and another from the West, commanded by Bolvar, known as Admirable Campaign. The Battle began at dawn and lasted approximately six hours. In the opinion of some historians, Boves took advantage of the social resentment existing in this group. Colombia da a da: una cronologa de 15,000 aos. Miranda was imprisoned in Puerto Cabello, then transferred to Puerto Rico and finally to the Arsenal de la Carraca, in Cdiz, where he died in 1816. (in Eng: "Our weapons, forever triumphant, humbled the fierce Spaniard, from the bugle to the martial voices that heard in its mountains the land of the sun. Minster, Christopher. An opposition movement began to develop in 1840, however, when Antonio Leocadio Guzmn, the leading spokesman for dissident merchants and professional men, founded the Liberal Party. The Supreme Junta of Caracas sought the adhesion of the other provinces of the Captaincy General of Venezuela to the movement. The Mantuanos, who constituted the most powerful social group of the society, led an attempt to constitute a Governing Board to govern the destiny of the Captaincy General of Venezuela as a result of the invasion of Spain by Napoleon. The royalist troops were numerically superior to the patriot troops. Minster, Christopher. Spain declared war on the United States on April 24, followed by a U.S. declaration of war . During the period from 1814 to 1819, Venezuela was devastated by rovingroyalistand patriot armies that fought one another and occasionally amongst themselves. For his part, Commander ngel Laborde went to the castle, then won the bar, touched at Puerto Cabello and with the apostadrome's archives headed for Cuba. The growing political crisis was brought to a head in 1848 by General Jos Tadeo Monagas. [6] The newspaper Patriota Revolucionario, directed by Salias and Muoz Tbar, was its informative organ since June 1811. Shortly after, he went to the Ports of Altagracia to repair the damage to his ships. The army of the east, led by Jos Francisco Bermdez made a distraction maneuver advancing on Caracas, La Guaira and the Valles de Aragua that forced La Torre to send about 1000 men against him to recover the positions and secure his rear. In this research paper, I will attempt to connect the . The Sociedad Patritica composed by Simn Bolvar and Francisco de Miranda was the pioneer in the push for Venezuela's separation from the Spanish crown.[1]. 1810 - Venezuelans take advantage of Napoleon's invasion of Spain to declare independence. The "War to the Death" was practiced by both sides. 1st edition, Harry N. Abrams, September 1, 2000. This remarkable military feat is known as the "Admirable Campaign" for Bolvar's great skill in executing it. [17] The Congress brought together representatives from Venezuela, New Granada (now Colombia) and Quito (now Ecuador). Between 1821 and 1823, the expulsion of the Spaniards from Venezuelan territory was ordered. Once the day was over, Admiral Padilla ordered the squadron to stay where it had fought. These principles were enshrined as a constitutional principle for the new nation and were radically opposed to the political, cultural, and social practices that had existed during three hundred years of colonization. The defeat of the first Venezuelan Republic in 1812 left in the Libertador the deepest mark, but above all, the deepest lesson about the cardinal importance that unity had for the triumph of the revolution. The republic of Venezuela celebrates its independence from Spain on two different dates: April 19, when an initial declaration of semi-independence from Spain was signed in 1810, and July 5, when a more definitive break was signed in 1811. Thus was born the First Venezuelan Republic, doomed to die in 1812 after a disastrous earthquake and relentless military pressure from royalist forces. In January of 1809, a representative of the Joseph Bonaparte government arrived in Caracas and demanded that taxes continue to be paid and that the colony recognize Joseph as their monarch. The independence of Venezuela produced the armed conflict known as the Venezuelan War of Independence between the independence army or Patriotas ("patriots") and the royalist army or Realistas ("royalists"). But so bravely behaved in action, that Bolivar told the soldiers the next day: "Your courage has won yesterday on the battlefield, a name for your corps, and even in the midst of the fire, when I saw you triumphant, I proclaimed it of the Victor Battalion of Araure. [7] Juan Escalona, who presided over the first independence triumvirate, issued a proclamation to the inhabitants of Caracas letting them know that the Congress had voted for absolute independence. Guzmn Blanco came back again in 1886 to serve a final two years in the face of growing popular opposition to his policies. He subdued ambitious provincial caudillos and ruled in cooperation with the large landholders and leading merchants of the Conservative Party. New Granada had been relatively untouched by the war, so Bolvar was able to quickly recruit a new army from willing volunteers. In 1827, the Gran Colombian union (to which Quito, today Ecuador, had adhered in 1823) entered into crisis and the efforts of Bolivar and some others to stop the disintegration were of no avail. The Letter from Jamaica is a text written by Simn Bolvar on September 6, 1815, in Kingston, in response to a letter from Henry Cullen in which he explains the reasons that caused the fall of the Second Republic in the context of the Venezuelan Independence. Their incursions ended in failures due to the religious preaching against them and the indifference of the population. The defeat at Lake Maracaibo made Morales' position untenable and he capitulated on August 3. The pro-independence army advanced from San Carlos to Tinaco covered by the advance of Colonel Jos Laurencio Silva, who took the royalist positions in Tinaquillo. When the armistice expired on April 28, 1821, both sides began a mobilization of their forces, the Spaniards had a deployment that favored a combat "in detail", defeating the patriot divisions one at a time. On July 13, 1811, the flag of Venezuela was approved, which was based on the design made by Francisco de Miranda in 1806. (2020, August 27). It was part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, ruled by a Viceroy in Bogota (present-day Colombia). The document is kept at the museo de la Casa de las Primeras Letras Simn Rodrguez. That day is celebrated in Venezuela as its national day. At theBattle of Boyacaon August 7, Bolvar scored a decisive victory, crushing the Spanish army. In this way he became a pioneer of human rights. Spanish and royalist forces attacked, however, and a devastating earthquake leveled Caracas on March 26, 1812. In breach of the agreement with Miranda, he began a repression against the patriots in order to prepare the ground for the execution of his plans to invade the Republic of New Granada, which had been declared independent from Spanish power. The immediate effect of that concession was to send the Portuguese ruler, Prince Regent John, fleeing in British ships to Brazil. The Republic of Gran Colombia, with its capital at Bogot, was proclaimed on December 17, 1819, with Bolvar as president. Then in the Battle of Calabozo, Bolvar is victorious over Pablo Morillo, Paez takes charge as commander of the vanguard to pursue the Spaniards and defeats them in the Uriosa on February 15, 1818. The resulting patriot victory secured Venezuela's independence, as the Spanish decided they could never pacify and re-take the region. She is presented before the captain general of Andalusia, who protests against the arbitrary decision of the Spanish authorities in America and gives her the category of confined, after she pays a bond and commits herself to appear monthly before the judge. On April 19, Creole patriots confronted the new Captain-General Vicente Emparn and demanded self-rule. The campaign was a great success for the republicans under the command of Manuel Piar with which they managed after several battles to expel all the royalists from the region with which they were left in power of a region rich in natural resources and communication facilities that served as a base to launch campaigns to other regions of the country.[16]. As president in 186468, Falcn appeared content to allow subordinates, many of them irresponsible, to rule at both the state and national levels. It is in this dark and unlit dungeon of the fortress that Luisa's torture begins due to the mistreatment and humiliations committed by the Spanish troops, to which she never yielded. A cavalry corps was assigned as a reserve. The Spanish harassment began throughout the territory of the republic, for some months he and his family live in the outskirts of La Asuncin under the espionage and the pressure that the Spanish authorities maintained on the sympathizers of the patriot cause in the island. Minster, Christopher. Here fought the battalion that in the past day of Barquisimeto was punished by the Libertador, denying him the name and the right to carry the flag. Colonel Atanasio Girardot joined Simn Bolvar in the so-called Admirable Campaign of the Libertador and fought gallantly at the head of several battalions that managed to occupy the cities of Trujillo and Mrida. On June 29, Bolvar's troops entered Caracas. Venezuelas Declaration of Independence in 1810, Biography of Francisco de Miranda, Venezuelan Leader, How Latin America Gained Independence from Spain, Biography of Simon Bolivar, 'Liberator of South America', Biography of Jos Francisco de San Martn, Latin American Liberator, Chile's Independence Day: September 18, 1810, Top Ten Villains of Latin American History, Hugo Chavez Was Venezuela's Firebrand Dictator. The deputy Juan Germn Roscio and the secretary of the Congress, Francisco Isnardi, drafted the Act of Declaration of Independence. In the first six months of 1813, the resistance of the royalists collapses. After that, the others generally accepted Bolvar's leadership. [5] On March 5, 1811, the Supreme Junta of Caracas ceased its functions.[4]. In Bolvar's advance towards Caracas, Girardot was in charge of the rearguard from Apure, until reaching him near the city of Naguanagua, next to the hill of Brbula, where they were to confront the royalist army commanded by Domingo Monteverde. The rest of the royalist forcescenter and leftcharged against the republican line and enveloped it, and thus obtained the victory, the casualties were numerous in both sides. On 5 December, the Republicans marched towards Araure and camped about 1,000 metres (3,300ft) from the town, in front of the royalists, who had deployed at the entrance of the mountain of the Acarigua river; with their wings supported by woods and their front covered by a small lake, their back was protected by a forest, they also had 10 pieces of artillery. Great Britain repeatedly refused Venezuelas requests to refer the matter to arbitration, and in 1887 Venezuela suspended diplomatic relations. She gets hope for a triumph of her own, but at dawn, when all is calm, she hears only the wailing of the dying and wounded from the fray. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. Profound Granadine anxiety over the fate of the empire and conflicting courses of action attempted by colonial and peninsular subjects over control of government during the captivity of the Spanish king Ferdinand VII led to strife in New Granada and to declarations of independence. He made a daring move: hecrossed the frosty Andeswith his army, losing half of it in the process, and arrived in New Granada (Colombia) in July of 1819. That day is celebrated in Venezuela as its national day. Herring, Hubert. This Treaty was signed for six months and obliged both armies to remain in the positions they occupied at the time of its signing. [5] On February 15, 1812, the Congress suspended its sessions and agreed to move to Valencia, designating it Federal City on March 1 that same year, when it resumed its sessions.[5]. On April 19, 1810, Venezuelan Creole patriots held a meeting in Caracas where they declared a provisional independence: they would rule themselves until such time as the Spanish monarchy was restored. The importance of the documents drafted by Antonio Jos de Sucre, in what meant his first diplomatic action, was the temporary paralyzation of the fights between the patriots and the royalists, and the end of the War to the Death initiated in 1813. In October 1892 Crespo seized power. April 19 is known as "Firma Acta de la Independencia" or "Signing of the Act of Independence." It usually covers the years 1808-1830, and it is much related to events in Europe and in other regions of South America, especially Peru and the area of the Ro de la Plata. The Liberal Party passed laws that abolished slavery, extended suffrage, outlawed capital punishment, and limited interest rates, but the laws were not implemented. Before long, Bolvar had driven the Spanish out of the region and amassed a large army, Impressed, the civilian leaders in Cartagena gave him permission to liberate western Venezuela. The April 19 pronouncement was not the first of its kind in Latin America: the city of Quito had made a similar pronouncement in August of 1809. Although elected president as a Conservative in 1846, he soon gravitated toward the Liberals. What was the effect of Venezuela declaring independence from Spain? Harvey, Robert. In the battle of Araure, the action of the nameless battalion was decisive. Guzmn Blanco was the popular choice for president in the 1873 election. From Caracas, he sent lieutenant colonels Toms Montilla to the plains of Calabozo that were threatened by Boves and Vicente Campo Elas to pacify Valles del Tuy, where a rebellion had broken out. The anniversary of this declaration is celebrated as Independence Day. The economy was mostly agricultural and a handful of extremely wealthy families had complete control over the region. Caracas, predictably, exploded: people took to the streets declaring loyalty to Ferdinand. He established a nationwide system of public primary education and promoted state support for secondary and higher education. In the early hours of June 24, from the heights of Buenavista hill, Bolivar made a reconnaissance of the royalist position and concluded that it was impregnable from the front and from the south. In 1806 he was able to scrape together a small mercenary force in the USA and Caribbean and launched an invasion of Venezuela. He marched unopposed into Bogota, and the volunteers and resources he found there allowed him to recruit and equip a much larger army, and he once again marched on Venezuela. Explanation: As in most parts of the American continent . Still, the independence of Caracas had much longer lasting effects than that of Quito, which was quickly put down. After the destruction of the colonial system, Venezuela passed through an era of government-by-force that lasted more than a century, until the death of Juan Vicente Gmez in 1935. The independence of Venezuela was finally recognized by Spain on March 30, 1845, through a treaty of peace and friendship made between the governments of Queen Isabel II of Spain and Venezuelan President Carlos Soublette. Pez dominated Venezuelan politics until 1848, both as president (183135 and 183943) and as a major political player. Guzmns new liberal newspaper, El Venezolano, demanded abolition of slavery, extension of voting rights, and protection for the debtor classes. [7] Independence was approved with 40 votes in favor. The exile passed without news of her mother and her husband. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1986. General Pez was the main leader behind Venezuela's break from Gran Colombia. Luisa remains seated night and day without moving so as not to attract the attention of the guard. The actions in the streets and squares were hard-fought. As expressed by the Libertador, it was created as a response to several crimes and massacres carried out by Spanish soldiers after the fall of the First Republic, against thousands of republicans. In 1806-1807 the British made a determined effort to capture the city. On the high seas, they are attacked by a corsair ship that seizes all the cargo and the passengers are abandoned on the island of Santa Maria in the Azores. The cause of Civil War break out in 1826 was because of the election of Abraham Lincoln and slave and non slave states.The effects were seen on the economy and assassination of the president. The separatists were in favor of Venezuela's independence, while the fidelists were loyal to King Ferdinand VII. A Congress was called in early 1811 to solve the bitter fighting among Venezuelans. Simn Bolvar, byname The Liberator or Spanish El Libertador, (born July 24, 1783, Caracas, Venezuela, New Granada [now in Venezuela]died December 17, 1830, near Santa Marta, Colombia), Venezuelan soldier and statesman who led the revolutions against Spanish rule in the Viceroyalty of New Granada. The constitution that they enacted in 1830 reflected their social and political philosophya centralist state, property qualifications for voting, the death penalty for political crimes, guarantees for the freedom of trade and commerce, and the continuation of slavery. General Pez recognized Bolvar's authority and on February 12, 1818, with the Toma de las Flecheras where the llanero lancers crossed the Apure River and jumped into the river on their horses swimming before the confused sight of the royalists and took the Spanish boats. https://www.thoughtco.com/independence-from-spain-in-venezuela-2136397 (accessed May 2, 2023). After making all the preparations for the battle, the patriot detachment marched during the night of December 4 to 5, to dawn in rica in front of the royalistsBoves had already joined the placedeployed in 3 columns in a great savannah. He was not powerful enough to knock out the Spanish armies, but they were not strong enough to defeat him, either. Bolvar ordered the confiscation of all the possessions of those who had emigrated, including their crops. To further humiliation, the battalion received spears instead of rifles as combat weapons. On January 8, 1813, he occupied the city of Ocaathe second in importance in Norte de Santander, after Ccutaafter having left the free passage in the Magdalena Medio, thus obtaining the navigation between Bogot and Cartagena. Ribas had 2,000 men for this enterprise, led by Jos Tadeo Monagas, Pedro Zaraza, Manuel Cedeo, Francisco Parejo and others. Even those Creoles who supported Spain in the New World were appalled. [24] The authorities of the Republic decreed a naval blockade of the coasts of the country, the entrance to Lake Maracaibo was forced by Admiral Padilla on May 8, 1823, and after several limited actions the decisive battle took place on July 24, 1823, resulting in a complete Colombian triumph. This first successful rebellion in Venezuelas national history set off five years of revolutionary turmoil between the Liberals and Conservatives. However, the dissolution of this republic had been germinating since the early days of its creation. The decade or so that followed was extremely bloody, with unspeakable atrocities on both sides and several important battles, but in the end, the patriots prevailed, finally securing Venezuelan independence in 1821. ThoughtCo. After the fall of the Second Republic, the patriot leaders took refuge in the islands of the Caribbean Sea, especially in Jamaica, Trinidad, Haiti and Curacao. The historical period between 1810 and 1830 has been divided by Venezuelan historiography into four parts: First Republic (1810 -1812), Second Republic (1813 -1814), Third Republic (1817-1819), and Gran Colombia (1819 -1830). Regional rivalries broke out in Gran Colombia while Bolvar was off leading the final campaigns, and his prestige was not enough to hold the country together after his return. Chile's struggle for independence is known as the period in which Chile became a separate country from Spain. During the royalist attack, Francisco Toms Morales took possession of the sugar mill while one of his columnsgoing down the Los Cucharos rowtook the "high house". The Conjuracin de los Mantuanos was a movement that broke out in Caracas in 1808. ThoughtCo, Apr. With the founding of the Sociedad de Agricultura y Economa, it did not take long for this organization to become the main promoter of the break with Spain. It had up to 600 members in Caracas alone and branches in Barcelona, Barinas, Valencia and Puerto Cabello.
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