Glasgow Cathedral, dedicated to St. Mungo, is the oldest church in mainland Scotland and the oldest building in Glasgow. His shrine was a great centre of Christian pilgrimage until the Scottish Reformation. This gala event has grown enormously since its inception, says Stephen McKinney, spokesman for Mediaeval Glasgow Trust, which helps organise the festival. Ever since he settled there in the 6th century, stories of his life give him a mythical status. It was nearby, in Kilmacolm, that he was visited by Saint Columba, who was at that time labouring in Strathtay. An ancient church in Bromfield, Cumbria, is named after him, as are Crosthwaite Parish Church and some other churches in the northern part of Cumbria, for example St Mungo's Church, Dearham. The fish: This story is the most interesting. Acting on this discovery, Mungo collected frozen branches from an oak tree, which were ignited as a result of Mungos prayers. A strong anti-Christian movement in Strathclyde, headed by a certain King Morken, compelled Mungo to leave the district, and he retired to Wales, via Cumbria, staying for a time with Saint David at St David's, and afterwards moving on to Gwynedd where he founded a cathedral at Llanelwy (St Asaph in English). In Chrtien de Troyes; Burton Raffel, "The grandchildren of Lady Anne Clifford were sent to Utrecht in 1655 for the treatment of rickets and returned two years later in a man-of-war. It is part of the Church of Scotland, a Presbyterian denomination. The bird, tree, bell and fish are associated with miracles attributed to Mungo. Mungo or Kentigern is the patron of a Presbyterian church school in Auckland, New Zealand, which has three campuses: Saint Kentigern College, a secondary co-ed college in the suburb of Pakuranga, Saint Kentigern Boys School, a boys-only private junior primary school in the suburb of Remuera, and Saint Kentigern Girls School, a girls-only private junior primary school also in Remuera. This website and associated newspapers adhere to the Independent Press Standards Organisation's A distraught Languoreth visited Mungo and pleaded with him to help find the ring. He. In 518 Teneu gave birth to a boy, naming him Kentigern. He had in his hand the Manual-book, always ready to exercise his ministry, whenever necessity or reason demanded. The Fish refers to the story about Queen Languoreth of Strathclyde who was suspected of infidelity by her husband. la devise Glasgow actuelle Let Glasgow par la prdication flourish de sa parole et la glorification de son nom , comme mme le plus laque Que Glasgow prosprer ou qui se lit Ce que la troisime tape ne marche jamais Glasgow . The Christian King Rydderch Hael, known as the Liberal, won the throne of Strathclyde in or around the year 573, and immediately sent for Mungo who brought many monks with him. Upon arriving in Culross, the pregnant Teneu was taken to the local monastery where she was looked after by Saint Serf. However, other historic accounts claim Owain and Teneu (also known as Thaney) had a love affair whilst he was still married to his wife Penarwen and that her father, King Lot, separated the pair after she became pregnant. Despite living some 1,400 years ago, he remains so relevant in Glasgow each January a large festival celebrates his legacy. In Cumbernauld, there is St. Mungo's Parish Church in the centre of the New Town. However, the new King of Strathclyde, Riderch Hael, invited Mungo to return to his kingdom. He was exiled in 565 when the pagan king, Morken of Strathclyde, conquered the area. The two saints met and exchanged croziers, or more likely simple staffs, with Mungos preserved for centuries. The present Church of Scotland St. Mungo's Parish Church in Alloa was built in 1817. Saint Mungo's most famous miracle, however, is the story of the fish. St. Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries is the primary hospital of Magical Britain in the Harry Potter series of books by J. K. Perhaps most prominent is the famous mural by Australian artist Smug depicting a modern-day St. Mungo and a robin, alluding to his miracle with the bird. In addition to establishing a strong Christian presence on the Clyde River, where Glasgow eventually would surpass a million in population, Mungos reputation was built in part on four miracles summarized in those four never lines. Here is the fish that never swam[9]. Jan 18 The wider picture at the time is set out in our Historical Timeline. Newsquest Media Group Ltd, 1st Floor, Chartist Tower, Upper Dock Street, Newport, Wales, NP20 1DW Registered in England & Wales | 01676637 |. But after 13 or 14 years, the anti-Christian faction in Strathclyde drove him out and he went south to meet Saint David of Wales and helped found a monastery at St Asaphs. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Saint of the Day - 13 January - Saint Kentigern of Glasgow (518-614) Founder and Archbishop of Glasgow, Missionary, Miracle-worker, known as "Saint Mungo", (also known as Cantigernus or Cyndeyrn Garthwys) was the apostle of the Scottish Kingdom of Strathclyde in the late sixth century and the Founder and Patron Saint of the city of . His names illustrate the multicultural world of post-Roman Britain in the sixth century, sometimes called the "Age of Arthur," in the overlapping of Celtic and Anglo-Saxon cultures and languages, although his mission work would have been in predominantly Celtic-speaking areas of western Britain. A spring called "St. Mungo's Well" Inside South Africas skeleton trade. The following day the King demanded to see the ring which he had given Languoreth, if she could not produce the ring then she would be sentenced to death. Chronicling the saint's life, from the remarkable circumstances surrounding his birth to his lifelong quest to reinvigorate Britain's Christian culture and his pivotal role in founding the city of Glasgow, the author creates a compendium of the well-known legends surrounding . This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Glasgow MSP was grieving her dad over zoom while Downing Street party happened, Batgirl: Star Leslie Grace keeps costume under wraps as filming continues in Glasgow, This website and its associated newspaper are members of Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO). His nickname, Mungo, means "dear one" or "darling." He was raised by St. Serf and be. His nickname Mungo possibly derives from an Old Welsh form for "my dear" or "beloved." She appealed to Mungo for help, and he had someone catch a salmon from the river. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. All rights reserved, St. Mungos Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries, St. Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Printable Catholic Saints PDFs. The 'Book of Deer' (a tenth century illuminated manuscript, providing a unique insight into cultural, social and ecclesiastical life of the East of Scotland.) St. Mungo himself rests beneath the nearby Glasgow Cathedral. Although the trail doesnt include St. Mungos Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries, the fictional facility to treat wizards in the Harry Potter books, it does visit Culross and Traprain Law, a 725 feet-high hill where the largest Roman silver hoard from anywhere outside the Roman Empire was found in 1919. The little-known history of the Florida panther. Mairi Bontorno. The Life of Saint Mungo was written by the monastic hagiographer Jocelyn of Furness in about 1185. In old age, Mungo became very feeble and his chin had to be set in place with a bandage. When the king saw a knight wearing the queens ring, he became jealous, stole it, threw it in a river, and demanded his wife retrieve it. St. Catherine Labour saw Our Lady appear like this and heard her say, "Have a medal made according to this model. Mike Haynes taught journalism at Amarillo College from 1991 to 2016 and has written for the Faith section since 1997. Part boulder, part myth, part treasure, one of Europes most enigmatic artifacts will return to the global stage May 6. [citation needed] However, in Scotland, excavations at Hoddom have brought confirmation of early Christian activity there, uncovering a late 6th-century stone baptistery. His shrine was a great centre of Christian pilgrimage until the Scottish Reformation. Bishop Jocelyn (1174-1199) commissioned a book to promote Mungo as a saint. He looked after them and named the boy Mungo, meaning dear one. St Mungo suffered ill-health in later life and needed his chin to be bandaged constantly. There are two Cumbrian churches dedicated to St Mungo, one at Bromfield (also a well and castle) and one at Dearham. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Her furious father had her thrown from the heights of Traprain Law. These four miracles in Glasgow are represented in the city's coat of arms. Saint Mungo was born to Saint Teneu in 518 AD, in Culross, Fife. He is St. Mungo, the illegitimate son of an alleged witch thrown from a cliff while he was in her womb. In the Lake District village of Caldbeck there is a church and a well named after him. These images relate to the four legends of Saint Mungo. It was nearby, in Kilmacolm, that he was visited by St Columba, who was at that time labouring in Strathtay. His exile, though, would not last long. Christianity had been introduced to the region by Saint Ninian and his followers welcomed the saint and procured his consecration by an Irish bishop. Mungo gave a name to the area, he named it Glas Ghu (Glasgow), meaning dear green place. He built his church where the river and the Molendinar Burn merge - at a site which later became Glasgow Cathedral. Did you know you can manage your profile, and explore all of the available newsletters from GlasgowWorld within your account. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. St. Mungo is mentioned in the Father Brown series of books by G. K. Chesterton, as the titular saint of Father Brown's parish. In A.D. 528, Scottish princess Thenue became pregnant from an affair with a cousin, and her furious father had her pushed off Traprain Law peak, 18 miles east of Edinburgh. There Mungo was born. She was kicked out of the kingdom after she fell pregnant following an encounter with her cousin, king Owain of North Rheged. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. In Fallowfield, a suburb of the city of Manchester, a Roman Catholic church is dedicated to Saint Kentigern. Each of these icons represents a famous St. Mungo miracle, says Patricia Barton, lecturer in the history department at the University of Strathclyde Glasgow. In the "Life of Saint Mungo," he performed four renowned miracles in Glasgow, memorialized in this verse: Here is the bird that never flew, here is the tree that never grew, here is the bell that never rang, here is the fish that never swam. So much so that by the age of 25, he was able to found a Christian settlement where the Molendinar Burn meets the River Clyde. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. S. Mundahl-Harris has shown that Mungo's associations with St Asaph were a Norman invention. However, the new King of Strathclyde, Riderch Hael, invited Mungo to return to his kingdom. A Gannett Company. Saint Mungo was born to Saint Teneu in 518 AD, in Culross, Fife. Born during the 6th century, Mungo was reportedly raised by St. Servanus in his monastery in Scotland after his mother entrusted him to the monk. The history of book bansand their changing targetsin the U.S. Should you get tested for a BRCA gene mutation? It is important that we continue to promote these adverts as our local businesses need as much support as possible during these challenging times. Such is the case with St Mungo and the foundation of Glasgow. It is said her father tied her to a chariot and sent it flying off Trapain Law - but she survived. Copyright Aleteia SAS all rights reserved. I have not found a reason for the nevers in the miracle verse, but the four images have persisted not only in the church but in Glasgow civic life. Fergus dying wish was that his body be placed upon a cart, which was to be pulled by two bulls, with his body being buried where the bulls stopped. If youre like me, those four lines are new to you. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. On the spot where Mungo was buried now stands the cathedral dedicated in his honour. Kathy and I walked by Mungos tomb, covered with a colorful cloth and a small wooden cross, in the crypt of Glasgow Cathedral. His nickname, Mungo, means dear beloved, which makes sense considering the adoration he has received centuries after his death around 612. Articles like these are sponsored free for every Catholic through the support of generous readers just like you. While there, he undertook a pilgrimage to Rome. Baby Mungo somehow survived, the first of many miracles linked to Glasgows patron saint. The Glasgow coat of arms has the bird, tree, bell and fish. The following verse is used to remember Mungo's four miracles: Here is the bird that never flew It was accidentally killed by students who then blamed it on Mungo. Bishop Jocelin is an important presence in Glasgows history and will reappear later in this series. Our father among the saints Kentigern of Glasgow (in Latin: Cantigernus and in Welsh: Cyndeyrn Garthwys or Kyndeyrn), also known as Saint Mungo, was a late sixth century missionary to the Brythonic Kingdom of Strathclyde. The young Teneu was sexually assaulted by the Welsh prince Owain mab Urien, resulting in her pregnancy. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The most influential person in Glasgow history, he adorns its city crest, looms in its cathedral, graces street murals, and has his name on museums, schools, charities, and sports clubs. Surviving, she was then abandoned in a coracle in which she drifted across the River Forth to Culross in Fife. It is said he visited the home of a dying holy man named Fergus, who died the night he arrived. Built in the 1836 originally as a Church of Scotland, it has recently been restored for its 180th anniversary. That uncertainty fades in relevance during the St. Mungo Festival, held this year from January 9-19. For some years, Mungo fixed his Episcopal seat at Hoddom in Dumfriesshire, evangelising thence the district of Galloway. One dead and seven injured in Cornwall nightclub knife attack, Nurses strike continues: Major disruption for NHS services in England, Additional flight to evacuate Britons from Sudan today, Ryanair cancels 220 flights over May 1 bank holiday due to strikes, Hardcore coronation fans already camped outside Buckingham Palace, Don Robertson replaces injured Collum as referee for Rangers vs Celtic. Languoreth in turn gave the ring to one of Hydderch knights. Jocelyn of Furness gives us a description of the man and this may be accurate because Mungo continued to live a simple life: He used the roughest hair-cloth next the skin, then a garment of leather made of the skin of the goats, then a cowl like a fishermans bound on him, above which, clothed in a white alb, he always wore a stole over his shoulders. He is St. Mungo, the illegitimate son of an alleged witch thrown from a cliff while he was in her womb. The festivals growth underscores the enduring influence of St. Mungo. contact IPSO here, 2001-2023. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". According to Historic Scotland, Mungo was born at Culross, Fife, Scotland. Go to www.haynescolumn.blogspot.com for other recent columns. It is very difficult and, in many cases, ultimately hopeless, to try to recover what actually happened in a saints life, says Broun. Such is his mystery, theres no proof St. Mungos remains are inside the cloth-covered coffin in the cathedrals crypt. Nor is there too much archaeology to shed light on Scotlands Dark Ages we really just do not know for certain what happened back then. First bishop of the Strathclyde Britons. He died on Sunday 13 January. On the monks return, Mungo removed the ring from inside the mouth of the salmon. He built his church across the water from an extinct volcano, next to the Molendinar Burn, where the present medieval cathedral now stands. Davies, John Reuben, "Bishop Kentigern among the Britons," in Boardman, Steve, John Reuben Davies, Eila Williamson (eds), McArthur Irvin, Lindsay, "Building a British Identity: Jocelin of Furness's Use of Sources in Vita Kentigerni," in, This page was last edited on 28 March 2023, at 21:07. Details of Mungo's infirmity have a ring of authenticity about them. fell eastwards from the apse. Mungo visited Cumbria, Wales and then headed to Rome. On another journey to the West he met with Saint Mungo, the apostle of Strathclyde. After his departure, Mungo travelled to Stirling where he lived at the home of a holy man named Fergus. Mungo's ancestry is recorded in the Bonedd y Saint. A contemporary of St. Columba of Iona, he reposed not long after the papal Augustinian mission to Anglo-Saxon England. Glasgow Cathedral, one of the few Scottish medieval churches to have survived the Reformation unscathed, features a stained glass window showing the four evangelistsMatthew, Mark, Luke, and Johnalong with their traditional emblems. The Glasgow coat of arms seen on the side of a trolleybus in Scotland. Saint Mungo is best known for his miracles, which are said to have included bringing a bird back to life, taming a wild boar, and restoring a woman's dead child to life. The original bell no longer exists, and a replacement, created in the 1640s, is now on display in Glasgow. Here is the bell that never rang What are the Miracles of St Mungo of Glasgow? Another church called St Kentigern's was built in the town in the late 19th century. It is very difficult and, in many cases, ultimately hopeless, to try to recover what actually happened in a saints life, says Broun. Please be respectful of copyright. The Vita Kentigerni had to show that he had performed miracles in his life. The young Teneu was sexually assaulted by the Welsh prince Owain mab Urien, resulting in her pregnancy. The boat landed safely at Culross in Fife, Macquarrie says, where she was met by St. Serf, the abbott of Culross monastery, who acted as midwife at Kentigerns birth. The Crest. In Grinsdale, Cumbria there is a church venerated to St. Kentigern. We can be pretty certain that Mungo, or Kentigern, actually existed. Each of these icons represents a famous St. Mungo miracle, says Patricia Barton, lecturer in the history department at the University of Strathclyde Glasgow. The bell: Mungo is thought to have brought a bell for the cathedral from Rome when he visited there. Baby Mungo somehow survived, the first of many miracles linked to Glasgow's patron saint. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. St. Homobonus makes real the call of ordinary people, not just the clergy, to extraordinary sanctity. Much that we know about him comes from two biographies written by churchmen in the 1100s that probably include more legend than fact. St mungo performed 4 miracles in his life time in Glasgow. Mungo and Teneu would later become co-patron saints of the City of Glasgow. [4] The Mungo pet name or hypocorism has a Gaelic parallel in the form Mo Choe or Mo Cha, under which guise Kentigern appears in Kirkmahoe, for example, in Dumfriesshire, which appears as ecclesia Sancti Kentigerni in the Arbroath Liber in 1321. The Glasgow coat of arms seen on the side of a trolleybus in Scotland. Here Is The Bell That Never Rang - about a bell that Mungo brought back from Rome. Inside the cathedral you can visit the tomb of St Mungo, once affectionately referred to by . His father, Owain was a King of Rheged. [5] Jocelyn states that he rewrote the 'life' from an earlier Glasgow legend and an Old Irish document. The festivals growth underscores the enduring influence of St. Mungo. This was the last of the design to be withdrawn in 1966. For some years, St. Kentigern fixed his episcopal seat at Hoddom in Dumfriesshire, evangelizing thence the district of Galloway. In Chrtien's story, Yvain, a version of Owain mab Urien, courts and marries Laudine, only to leave her for a period to go adventuring. Quite simply, St Mungo is the patron saint and the founder of Glasgow. There St. Kentigern was born. But archaeology is confirming that Persia's engineering triumph was real. The boat landed safely at Culross in Fife, Macquarrie says, where she was met by St. Serf, the abbott of Culross monastery, who acted as midwife at Kentigerns birth. A few minutes walk north from there lies St. Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art. The Life of Saint Mungo bears similarities with Chrtien de Troyes's French romance Yvain, the Knight of the Lion. In Falkirk, there is a St. Mungo's High School. To this day, Glasgow schoolchildren learn a rhyme about St. Mungo: This is the bird that never flew, and this the tree that never grew. To save chestnut trees, we may have to play God, Why you should add native plants to your garden, What you can do right now to advocate for the planet, Why poison ivy is an unlikely climate change winner, The gory history of Europes mummy-eating fad, This ordinary woman hid Anne Frankand kept her story alive, This Persian marvel was lost for millennia. The evidence is based on the Old Welsh record Conthigirn(i). Kentigern Gardens is the location of a murder in The Cuckoo's Calling, a novel published under J. K. Rowling's pseudonym of Robert Galbraith. We may then apply our discretion under the user terms to amend or delete comments. If you are dissatisfied with the response provided you can These can be traced to the early seals of Glasgow's Bishops and to the Burgh Common Seal. A sign alongside it even concedes that, in regards to his life story, much of it was made up., (Unravel the mystery behind St. Valentines bones.). Saint Mungo is said to have died in the early 7th century CE. He took the dead bird in his hands and prayed, bringing it back to life. For some thirteen years, he laboured in the district, living a most austere life in a small cell, and making many converts by his holy example and his preaching. Glasgow Cathedral, dedicated to St. Mungo, is the oldest church in mainland Scotland and the oldest building in Glasgow. Her furious father had her thrown from the heights of Traprain Law. King Riderch demanded to see her ring, which he claimed she had given to her lover. Here Is The Bird That Never Flew - about a Robin tamed by St Serf. Every Glaswegian child used to be taught they possibly still are the verse to remember Mungos four miracles that are part of Glasgows coat of arms: The first miracle is that he restored a robin to life after it had been killed by his classmates; the tree was a branch of hazel that he used to re-start a fire he had allowed to go out; the bell was one he fetched from Rome which people may have been scared to ring as it was used to mark deaths. He fell asleep, and the fire went out. Such is his mystery, theres no proof St. Mungos remains are inside the cloth-covered coffin in the cathedrals crypt. A sign alongside it even concedes that, in regards to his life story, much of it was made up.. He is said to have died in his bath, on Sunday 13 January. In Alloa, a chapel dedicated to St. Mungo is thought to have been erected during the fourteenth or fifteenth-century. Or so the story goes. Rowling.[9]. On opening the fish, the ring was miraculously found inside, which allowed the Queen to clear her name. In Wales and England, this saint is known by his birth and baptismal name Kentigern (Welsh How this animal can survive is a mystery. It was Serf who gave him his popular pet-name Mungo. In Wales and England, this saint is known by his birth and baptismal name Kentigern (Welsh: Cyndeyrn). He spent the rest of his life assisting the king to rule as well as winning even more converts to Christianity. THE trouble with the Dark Ages is that they are very aptly named. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. St. Mungo His history and influence. St Mungo's Parish, Glasgow. Miracles. The St Mungo healing oil is dedicated to the great Scottish saint and missionary. Is World Heritage status enough to save endangered sites? The fourth miracle involves the legend of how a Queen of Strathclyde was facing execution for treason by her husband the king. The image of a salmon biting a golden ring is linked to the king of Strathclyde, who gifted his wife this jewelry, Barton says. Mungos fledgling settlement grew, helped by the fact that he had chosen the best spot for people to cross the Clyde. Eventually, these beasts paused in the green and serene Clyde Valley. In another tale, Mungo fell asleep while guarding the monasterys holy fire, woke to find it extinguished, and so snapped branches from a tree and prayed until they were set ablaze. An almost identical story concerns King Maelgwn of Gwynedd and St. Asaph. At the age of twenty-five, the saint began his missionary labours on the Clyde, on the site of modern Glasgow. In another tale, Mungo fell asleep while guarding the monasterys holy fire, woke to find it extinguished, and so snapped branches from a tree and prayed until they were set ablaze. The Bollandists have printed a special mass for this feast, dating from the 13th century. 2 hours of sleep? Some new parts may have been collected from genuine local stories, particularly those of Mungo's work in Cumbria. He is St. Mungo, the illegitimate son of an alleged witch thrown from a cliff while he was in her womb. Duggan, Joseph J. It was from here that Mungo would say the words Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of his words. His four stories also make up the coat of arms of the University of Glasgow. As tourists wander Glasgow, they frequently pass an image of a gray-haired monk who, despite founding this Scottish city, remains shrouded in mystery. The Annales Cambriae record his death in 612, although the year of his death is sometimes given as 603 in other sources (his death date, Jan. 13, was on a Sunday in both years). Glasgow Cathedral, one of the few Scottish medieval churches to have survived the Reformation unscathed, features a stained glass window showing the four evangelistsMatthew, Mark, Luke, and Johnalong with their traditional emblems. The Tree refers to an account of how he when had been left in charge of a fire in St. Serf's monastery, he fell asleep and the fire went out. When the fish was cut open, the ring was inside, thus saving the queen from punishment. Stay tuned for the fish story. The Coat of Arms of the City of Glasgow was given to the royal burgh by the Lord Lyon on 25 October 1866. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Mungo is the main antagonist in the historical novel The Lost Queen by Signe Pike. Unauthorized use is prohibited. As a circle in the shape of a medal formed around the vision, the letters were written, "O Mary conceived without sin, pray for us who have recourse to thee." According to medieval accounts of his life, St. Kentigern's mother Teneu (St. Theneva, also Thenaw, Denyw or Dwynwen) was the daughter of the Brythonic king, Lleuddun (Latin, Leudonus), who ruled in the Haddington region of what is now Scotland, probably the Kingdom of Gododdin in the Old North. Saint Kentigern, byname Mungo, (born, Culross, Fifeshiredied c. 612, possibly Glasgow; feast day January 14), abbot and early Christian missionary, traditionally the first bishop of Glasgow and the evangelist of the ancient Celtic kingdom of Cumbria in southwestern Scotland. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. It was said to have been used in services and to mourn the deceased. Those ads you do see are predominantly from local businesses promoting local services. Jocelin seems to have altered parts of the original life that he did not understand; while adding others, like the trip to Rome, that served his own purposes, largely the promotion of the Bishopric of Glasgow.
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