and Heifers and cows are reported to deposit more fat than steers and bulls. Things are quite complicated in the cattle world. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. When a bull can no longer fulfill his purpose as a cattle producing breeding animal, farmers may sell bulls for meat, but the meat is less desirable than regular beef. 2014. and I have a question. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Hi Karen, Thanks for your question. Stuart is the editor of Fauna Facts. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Female calf born along with a male twin, likely infertile. Mullen, A.M. There's also a difference between a cow vs heifer. Careers. Bull meat has different qualities from regular beef cattle and is usually ground up or minced as opposed to cut in to steaks. Meat from a bull carcass is lean without a lot of marbling. Kerry, J.P. Bulls tend to be much larger than Heifers and Steers, as well as much older, since they are used for breeding when they are younger and only sold for meat once they can no longer produce calves. However, this lower fat content can make bull meat more challenging to cook. Also, 65% of the genetic makeup of a calf comes from the bull, not the cow. Understanding Cuts of Beef. The differences (attributed to flavour, texture and juiciness) were not substantiated using descriptive scaling tests when the only significant difference was that roast m. longissimus dorsi from bulls was slightly drier than that from steers. Small udder, vulva under tail, otherwise unidentifiable without testing. jQuery(collection + ' .caption').remove(); Why Dont We Eat Bull Meat As Often As Cows? Has data issue: false This article will explore the principal differences between the two and help you decide which is right for you. His testicles have been removed, and he is incapable of reproducing. Warriss, P.D. and 1998. Many farm owners raise or purchase steers for the sole purpose of harvesting them for their meat. Bauchart, D. Female bovine that has given birth at least once. Many times meat from cull cows and bulls are used in grind for hamburger and works very well in this product because it is lean, and, depending on the percentage of fat in the grind, some fat may be added. 1. Additionally, bulls have testosterone, while heifers do not. MWEzMmYzNTk4YzVhYzk2MGJlNjg0NjE2ZGVjNjlhNzE5N2U1NWExMmU5MTlk Most will have a large, blocky appearance, with their front and hind legs wider apart than cows. They have large, muscular shoulders, necks and hindquarters. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Bulls are more likely to produce incidences of a dark cutter the result of a lack of glycogen in the muscle caused by stress prior to slaughter. Copyright 2023. The easiest method is to check for an udder, although they are smaller and harder to see from a distance on a young heifer. Although some people swear by it, the University of Melbourne found that approximately 75% of meat consumers do not like the taste/smell of meat affected by taint. eCollection 2023 Apr. How Can You Tell if it is a Cow or a Steer? Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The present review has been focused largely on the sex type differences in beef quality among heifers, cows, steers and bulls in various feeding environments. Few people eat bull meat because it is tougher and has a more gamey taste than cow. MUCH easier keeping steers, for obvious reasons. Among males, lower production of testosterone by steers favors more fat thickness compared with bulls. Heifers and cows are reported to deposit more fat than steers and bulls. Bull meat is very tough and needs to be ground, however bull meat is commonly described as gamey or strong compared to regular beef. (5 Main Reasons Explained), Vertical vs Horizontal Smoker (7 Main Differences), Ham vs Salami (Here Are the Main Differences). Birthing conditions are much better for mom and baby in spring and fall, when its not too hot or too cold. Price: $32.50 per pound. View all Google Scholar citations Keep in mind, that its ideal for a calf to be born every year, but there are always lots of variables (more on that later). for this article. Older calves are also harder to manage, making the whole process more difficult all around. Bulls meat is different than Steer and Heifer, in taste and texture. The finished steer will have much better eating quality, fat equals flavor! Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. MmEwNWJjMjZhZWFkNmJjN2QxZmM5MWQ3MDI4MjBhNDhiN2JiZmRhYTg3YzE0 PMC Bulls slaughtered at the young age of 12 to 14 months produce quality beef. This is because young bulls can be aggressive, which makes them more challenging to handle. The preparation and cooking process is quite similar with only a few exceptions. Bull's meat is different than Steer and Heifer, in taste and texture. Quality characteristics of bovine meat. In fact, research has shown that calves castrated from 1-7 days old showed . Among males, lower production of testosterone by steers favors more fat thickness compared with bulls. Oury, M.P. Steers can still grow just as large, but it will take longer to reach maturity which means more food and care. We eat beef from cows, now, everybody is quite clear on that. Bulls are better suited for meat production on large farms that want to save time and money. Never even thought about potential taste issues. With age, the meat gets toughen, darker, bone spurs. Although all slaughtered cattle produce beef, not all cattle are bred to do so. Burnham, D. L. A consumer panel of 606 assessors showed that bull beef was not as pale as steer beef and found no difference in fatness of the cuts, flavour or juiciness. Almost all free martins are infertile; it is extremely rare for one to be fertile. From zero to six months, calves drink their mothers milk. Moloney, A.P. Cows will have larger, far more developed udders because they have carried large amounts of milk in them. As the name suggests, beef cattle are bred specifically for their meat. Both groups on the trial fell into the mid-range, with the steers recording 3.03 and the bulls significantly tougher at 3.58. Usually, cows give birth outside in a field and no one is nearby when they have the calf. Y2VmZDE2OWI5Mzg2MmZhIn0= This site also participates in other affiliate programs and is compensated for referring traffic and business to them. This difference is partly because bulls are generally older and have more muscle than cows. What makes the meat from a bull different? Old cows that are no longer able to become pregnant and produce calves are called cull cows. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Before Steers are good for several things including meat production as well as being a friendly farm animal or pet. OGVlZWU0YjNjNDdmODUyNDgxNzg5ZGJkYjVjOGIyMThhODFjOWUyODZlOTZh Intramuscular composition and texture of beef muscles. Bickerstaffe, Roy jQuery(document).ready(function() { In fact, not all cows are actually referred to as cows. Cattle farmers also use ear tags to help quickly distinguish the type of bovine. and I saw my friends get into a heated debate over this query. What is the Difference Between a Steer and a Bull? All rights reserved. People are quite skeptical about bull meat as there is a common consensus among people that it tastes bad. The current review identified that heifers can be a premium beef brand, while steer beef currently take a large part of market share across the world. ZDk2MzA1N2Q5ZWM5ZjFjNjdmZGQ4Yzg1ODk3NyIsInNpZ25hdHVyZSI6IjE3 Bull vs. and Comparison of palatibility traits of beef produced by young bulls and steers. For the beef steer: 1,200 pounds live weight at $1.30 per pound means you paid $1,560 for the steer. An adult bull will have large, noticeable testicles while a steer will have no testicles at all. var elem = jQuery('.article-body').children('p:nth-of-type(' + elem_pos + ')'); II. 2014 Japanese Society of Animal Science. Bulls have a very specific job and it comes around two times a year when we let them in the field with the cows. Large udder, larger body frame, vulva under tail area. Most of the beef available in the market belongs to these two. MzZlYjhlOTlkNTI0NzhiYTYxYWYxMWMxNTJjYjIzMmQ3M2JmOTE2Y2FlZTE0 Number 8860726. Farming Base (farmingbase.com) is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Terms and Conditions OTYwNjIyNWIzMDE2MmJiNWQyZGNiNWE3OGY2ZWZhYjRhY2NlNWVmMTAzMTg3 If youre wondering where we sell the calf, every farm is little different on this. No, steer beef is better than bull meat. This is because both steers and cows are excellent for beef production. Diet influences the variation of fatty acid profile; particularly the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) interacts with breed and sex. A male calf? So what do you call immature, un-neutered male cattle? Castrated bulls are called steers, while bulls have their testicles intact. When they arent breading, theyre in their own pasture and enjoying roaming fields and eating grass. In comparison with Steer meat, it is stringy, tough, lean, dark, and has different chemistry. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. https://www.ams.usda.gov/grades-standards/slaughter-cattle-grades-and-standards, https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb09428.x, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6154429/#CR48. Would you like email updates of new search results? Weve been asked lots of questions on why farmers castrate bull calves. This is a major reason that when we eat meat from male cattle, we do not eat bulls. ODc4NzRmY2UxMjczYzY4NDI1NjM2MWE1ZTNiMzdjNjg1ZDcwMTE3YWU4NTBl Zjk1NWI1YzIwMTNhZWM2M2MzYjIyMzliOTViNmM2ZTQ1MzY2MDU2ZDAzZDg2 Another interesting fact is that scientific studies have shown that the bull will follow a cow in heat for about 10-miles. Epub 2018 Apr 2. Since you should get about 500 pounds of meat, your processing is 0.76 x 500= $380 + 100 kill charge equals a total of $480 in processing cost. MeSH Heifers have teats, but no visible udder like cows do. Reaction score. This leanness means that a particular cut of beef from a bull is likely to be healthier than the same cut from a cow. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Zjc0NzAzOTJmNDE5ZmZkZWQzY2Y2N2MwNGY3MjdjNmMyZmUxYzk4Y2Q2MmVl Ground bull meat may be used in production of beef products like hotdogs and burgers. NTkxNjNiODljYjRjMjgwZTFlMGM5ZmFiYjdiZjQ4ODU3ZmRlOTk3NzhlNmFm Im on a lot of vegan sites and they say that to have a cow give milk the farmer either drags the newborn calf to a veal cage or kills it. Heifers are female cattle who have never given birth. 1992. Bull meat tends to be less flavorful than meat from regular beef cattle, since it is usually older meat, more muscular, higher in testosterone, and less tender than heifer or steer meat. At What Age Can Male Calves be Castrated? Nute, G. R. His testicles have been removed, and he is incapable of reproducing. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Research from the University of Nebraska shows that high levels of testosterone can negatively affect the flavour of beef. Sinclair, K D MThjYmU1NGJkNDFkNTA3YzZiOGU4ZTcwZWZlODlkMjJhYTVlODNlMzU4MzFk Does it taste bad? Though Dexters are smaller cows, they produce a much higher percentage of usable meat than most breeds. Wood, J.D. Walters, B. R. (Risks & Benefits). Usually, farmers own about 10-100 cows. Nuff said! Faster growth means less time they have to feed, shelter, and care for the animal. ZmQxMTEwYTk3MjJhZDg1ZmJmNzBjYThmOTBjYTRmMWY1MTM2Zjc3ZjJhNjIy Our (beef) calves stay with their mothers until theyre approximately 6-8 months. Is this true? Bull meat is usually tougher and chewier than heifer meat [3]. Carnivore Style may contain affiliate links. Please use the navigational links to explore our website. 2023 Jan;65(1):149-159. doi: 10.5187/jast.2022.e88. Carcasses of roughage-fed beef are lighter and have less marbling and lower quality grades but have higher cutability than carcasses of grain-fed bulls. Can Cows Eat Clover Poisonous or Beneficial, Best Fly Spray for Cattle Reviews & Buyer Guide, Can Cows Eat Watermelon? Neegrd, Steinar Dumont, R. I posted a day or so ago about finishing a steer for beef, also have a 13 month old Angus bull with less than desirable hind legs and feet, and I don't want to use him or sell him for breeding. 2002. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Male calves that are not intended for breeding are usually castrated, by testicle removal, before they are six months old. The .gov means its official. Site Map. Bulls grow larger faster than steers do, so some farmers prefer bulls for meat production. Picard, B. Quality beef comes from Steers (castrated bull) and Heifers (unbred female). Bull meat is tougher and fattier than regular meat from beef cattle since it tends to come from an older animal, but its still edible. Keane, M.G. As soon as the bull matures he will be producing semen and testosterone, the act of breeding has nothing to do with meat flavor. if he bred several id bet it would.he would lose some fat TexasBred Well-known member Joined Aug 15, 2007 Messages 31,075 Reaction score 617 Location Heart of Texas Jul 24, 2008 #9 Bull meat tastes like a stronger, tougher version of grass fed beef, since there is less fat, more muscle, and less marbling through the meat. 2010 Oct;88(10):3399-408. doi: 10.2527/jas.2009-2708. A side view of the animal will offer you the best view to determine the gender. 1. The meat is darker and dryer (but can take up more moisture) than a steer or cow. If its a male, its called a bull calf or steer. People of other countries may eat bull meat, depending on the state you are living in, however, it is generally not popular or eaten. Well-used muscle will have a tougher texture than one that hasn't been used much. So, what do you usually eat when you eat meat? Total loading time: 0 NTFjZjM0NDAzODE3NzgxYzNkYjU5ODdhM2E3ZjYyMjhiZjA2ZGQ5Y2U0MzBi Work carried out by the AHDB tested the beef for a range of characteristics, including toughness and colour. Epub 2016 May 22. The resulting average bull carcass was 299kg, an additional 13.4kg over the steer groups average. St Louis vs Baby Back Ribs (8 Main Differences Explained), Why Is Pork Cheaper Than Beef? J Sci Food Agric. var fw_collection_links = { The processing feed is $100 plus $0.76 per pound of meat. How Can You Tell if it is a Heifer or a Steer? However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Bok, W. 1990. Bulls meat is not tasty enough to be provided for steaks. Sinclair, K. D. In comparison with Steer meat, it is stringy, tough, lean, dark, and has different chemistry. This is another reason we eat cows and do not eat bulls. Calves on our farm are born in the spring and fall. Wife said this afternoon, maybe we should sell the steer and feed out the bull. Once a heifer has a calf, she automatically becomes a cow. Welcome to Carnivore Style. Jurie, C. The eating quality of roast m. longissimus dorsi , casseroled m. supraspinatus , minced m. gastrocnemius and grilled . Because flavor from beef has a lot to do with marbling, then meat from an older bull will taste slightly different than meat from the younger beef animal that we typically get meat from. Cows will also have noticeable udders. Pearson, R. Grant 8600 Rockville Pike Beef from the bull is lean with less marbling, whereas the beef flavor has a lot to do with marbling. Steers are better suited for meat production on smaller farms that want to avoid keeping multiple bulls in the same pasture. and Lepetit, J. live weight is probably a wash on one vs. the other. Ive raised bull rather than steer for meat, because a bull gains weight faster, provides a leaner, longer, more muscular carcass, and tends to provide more money cuts. Scaled up over an average commercial herd this extra efficiency would result in both financial benefits and producing beef with a far lower carbon footprint, he adds. In some cases, dairy cows may also be used for their meat after they stop producing - but this is secondary to their primary purpose. We eat meat from both male and female cattle, but in agriculture the term bull usually refers to a male cow who is kept solely for breeding and not for eating. Well also cover some common misconceptions about male and female beef cattle and the differences between them. We set out to assess whether that was the case and, as well as production performance, we looked at eating quality and consistency with the help of AHDB. YzBlZGMyMjAzODE2N2I5ODk3MWU0ZDQ0ZWU1ODQ4NGU2OWI0ZmFkODI3ZTZh Steers are also great options for farm pets because they are often significantly more docile and friendly than bulls or even female cows. Eating hamburger from a 4+ year old bull right now. You get high-quality, properly graded, and aged meat delivered to your door without leaving your house. Privacy Policy Effect of health status on fattening performance in young crossbred polish Holstein-Friesian Limousin Bulls and steers. salami) favour bull meat for those reasons. Bulls with desired traits that a breeder wants for breeding is not castrated, it is not raised or kept for meat purposes. MWJmNjYxMjExZWU0NDBmNmYzY2Y0NTU0ODQwNjVjZjkxMzQ5N2MxOTY0NWRk In reality, all beef has saturated fat, which is thought to contribute to heart disease when consumed in large amounts. Bull beef has a flavor that has been described as bloody or liver-like [2]. and transmitted securely. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". There is a noticeable, distinct difference in the two that is easy to identify visually. Tenderness of beef longissimus dorsi muscle from steers, heifers and bulls as influenced by source, post-mortem ageing and carcass characteristics. Culioli, J. A bovines breed, not its gender, determines its color. Then, we sell the calf for income. NWVmMDJjYTU1NzQ1YWE4N2Y3MzFkODVmYWI0MWMyNzhkMDQ1YmQ5NWQxZWUy Following are three good reasons to castrate bull calves early in life. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help With the higher carcass weights and faster growth rates, gross margins of the bulls averaged 302. A male bovine that is fertile and has the potential to reproduce either now or in the future is classified as a bull. Thanks! Owing to its good binding properties, it can be made tasty with the help of certain sausages. Only a few bulls are required for breeding purposes, most of the bulls are castrated to eliminate handling problems. So this had negative effect on some of the bull carcass values compared with the steers, which had a higher fat classification overall and tended to have more marbling, says Mr Marsh. A good cow is one that has a healthy calf every year. Post-weaning management of modern dairy cattle genetics for beef production: a review. Dairy cattle, on the other hand, are raised for their milk. This is compounded by the fact that bull meat tends to be older and tougher, since they are only used for meat once they are old and can no longer produce calves. Join our weekly e-newsletter where we share farm happenings, recipes and beef availability. Few people eat bull meat because it is tougher and has a more gamey taste than cow. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Bulls have more muscle and less fat than steers and heifers, which means there is less of a marbling effect on cuts of bull meat. The table is the results for an 800 pound carcass, yield grade 3.0 - 3.25 from beef or Holstein cattle. If, however, you have problems handling young bulls then steer beef is a viable option.. MzFkNWQ0NWE0MjU0Mzg3MzQzMWM4YzdjOTMwNzRhNzdlM2YxZDcxMTIyZDBi A whole genome association study to detect additive and dominant single nucleotide polymorphisms for growth and carcass traits in Korean native cattle, Hanwoo. . Check out our current review of the best meat delivery services by clicking here. So, it is established that beef comes from both cows and Steers. Q500 Posted 12/17/2013 14:16 (#3525692 - in reply to #3525419) NmE3Mjc5MzQ2YjFhNjBlMDk5NTVhMDVhMzM3ZWVmNzM0MWJjY2UzNDgxNTQ3 They like to fight each other to establish dominance. ZmUyYmNiMmEzZDJkMmUwYzgzMTcyNmFhN2YzZDhjOGMyN2Y3ODEwZjNkYjYx When you click these and purchase products from it, we may receive a commission. I. 2022 Feb;16 Suppl 1:100426. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100426. What Cuts of Beef Come With a Quarter, Half Beef, Meat Inspection: The Edible Stamp of Approval, 9 Must-Ask Questions Before Buying Farm-Fresh Beef, What everybody ought to know about beef cuts, http://www.clovervalleybeef.com/raising-grass-fed-beef/, Bovine: An animal in the cattle group, which includes bison and buffaloes, Cow: A cow is a female bovine that has had at least one calf. According to Currin, the extra costs associated with . Effect of short-term fattening period and castration method on productivity, serum testosterone, and economic efficacy in Hanwoo cattle. When the carcass was examined the bull group recorded a higher killing-out percentage of 51.6% than the steers yielded, at 50.6%. Informa Markets, a trading division of Informa PLC. Influence of feeding various quantities of wet and dry distillers grains to finishing steers on carcass characteristics, meat quality, retail-case life of ground beef, and fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle. It's the right thing to do. Beef usually comes from Heifers and Steers, occasionally from Cows, and rarely from Bulls. Check your inbox for your FREE gift. Most small cattle farm owners only need one bull in the pasture to fertilize their whole herd. A newly born male calf is a bull calf. And nothing will make a cows round steak tender or tasty. Cows will have a vulva under their tales that sits below their anus. If the farm is equipped to care for a large number of young bulls, then their rapid growth is worth the reward. var collection = '#vbmztjik-oqzyzau9-bciaxrrz'; Many people ask, Does bull meat taste bad? To put it simply, bull meat quality characteristics are such that it has a more assertive and gamier flavor than the cow. Studies identified that heifer beef has super characteristics in eating quality and a better healthy composition in fatty acids than steer, cow and bull. Location. However, as he grows, he slowly starts to get more nutrients from the grass verses milk. Typically beef animals are slaughtered between 18-24 months old. Sponnich, Arve and In addition to making handling easier, this is another reason why male beef cattle are commonly castrated. 1991. So, now that we've cleared up all of the terminologies, let's get into the different types of beef. You can tell if a bovine you encounter is a female cow or a steer by looking for a couple of tell-tale characteristics. The best way to cook bull meat is by using a moist cooking method, such as braising. In addition, bulls which have been used for breeding have a higher level of testosterone in their bodies. 2003. Jul 11, 2006. Commercial Photography: How To Get The Right Shots And Be Successful, Nikon Coolpix P510 Review: Helps You Take Cool Snaps, 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Marshmallow, Technological Advancements: How Technology Has Changed Our Lives (In A Bad Way), 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Lollipop, Awe-Inspiring Android Apps Fabulous Five, IM Graphics Plugin Review: You Dont Need A Graphic Designer. fatness of the cuts, flavour or juiciness. OGQyMzRjOTgyNjNkNjI4ODBlMzhjY2I0ODZmNWM4MzM0NTk5N2UzM2E1NGQz 2017. MDhjZGZmMTIzZWUyYTBlYmI4MDhkMzgzYzhmMDRiYjQ3OTUyZDU2Y2ZkMjI5 This means bull meat is typically of lesser quality than meat from younger steers or heifers, which have more tender meat. How Much Money Can You Make Farming 100 Acres? Bulls are castrated at a young age to curb the enthusiasm and testosterone-hyped attitude. Beef coming from Steers and Heifers tastes good. I like steak, and a young bull of the same weight will cut more steaks than a steer. An adult bull will have its genitals intact with a scrotum and testicles. The majority of bulls are castrated to be slaughtered for meat. Generally, the meat you find at the grocery store comes from a cow or a steer. 2 reasons they feed steers over bulls. A total of 34 Holstein, Hereford cross Holstein and British Blue cross Holstein calves were chosen for the trial. Your email address will not be published. Beef cattle, such as Hereford and Angus breeds, have been bred to produce muscle, not milk, like Holstein dairy cows. 2004. So, let's examine the differences between cow and bull meat. The fate of all commercially raised cows, bulls, steers, and heifers are to be eaten, eventually, unless they dropped dead or caught a disease. 1993. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Smithson, Stephanie Were definitely not experts in dairy calves, but if you have more questions about them we can try and find you answers.). If youre not up-to-speed on the difference between bull and steer, or cow and heifer, heres some basic cattle terminology. and Because tenderness in a beef carcass decreases with age, expect the meat from older animals to be less tender. Using everyday human-terms, cows are moms. A heifer is a female animal that has never had a calf. NWFhZDE5YzcxMzU3Y2RlYTQ3Yzc5NTQzM2U4NGE2MTI3YjkzMzEwMDU2OGM1 At that time, we wean them by putting the calves in a different field from their mothers so that the calves will start to eat grass. 3) and unrelated to juiciness or flavour. There is a distinct, and hopefully now a more understandable, difference between a heifer, cow, bull, and a steer. You do not have to get too close to a bull to check for testicles, and you should not for safety reasons. Mason, Susan L. If its lower quality meat, its usually a cow. So, what does cow-calf farm mean? Disclaimer. 3 Reasons to Feed, Can Donkeys Eat Lettuce? Hes an advocate of the carnivore diet, an athlete, and a pure health enthusiast. hasContentIssue false, Copyright British Society of Animal Science 1984. NGI4MWM4NTkyYTk3YzUwYWJhZTI3YjA3NWM5ZWIwYTQ0YzQ5ZWQzNzdlNTQ0 Ahn JS, Kwon EG, Lee HJ, Kim UH, Won JI, Jang SS, Park BK. There are two big reasons this happens at six months of age. The calves stay with their moms for about six months, and then theyre weaned. No, beef can come from both male or female cattle, although male beef cattle are usually castrated to make the herd easier to manage and to prevent unwanted pregnancies. jetscan ifx i200 troubleshooting,
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