Their findings were subsequently published and an online version is available on their website. This shape suggests the stone's creator used a rounded instrument to make the engraving. Up Bat Creek (Without a Paddle): Mormon Assessment of the Bat Creek Stone. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. This description suggests that the mound was constructed on top of an occupation midden or old humus zone. Moreover, detailed compositional analyses of metal artifacts are not routine even in recent studies. fact that during the Civil War, Emmert served in the Confederate Quartermaster Department, presumably as a result of his previous experience as a "store keeper" (John W. Emmert, Compiled Service Record, M268/346, National Archives). a plausible spot. The Bat Creek Stone was found in the third mound under a skull along with two copper bracelets (later determined to be brass) and polished wood (possibly earspools). Antiquity 58(223):137-138. R. Stieglitz and Marshall McKusick, in the George Barrie and Sons, Philadelphia. been copied from Macoy. The stone shows respect and praise to the God of Israel . with an uptick at the end. Forthcoming in Pre-Columbiana. in the locality could recollect. An unknown party added two nearly parallel vertical strokes while the stone was stored in the National Museum of Natural History from 1894 and 1970. Peet 1890, 1892, 1895). trees and grapevines as long ago as the oldest settler Pocket Books, New York. 1982. Stones bearing inscriptions in Hebrew or other Old World characters have at last been banished from the list of prehistoric relics. In fact it is not surprising that two Hebrew inscriptions would Over the years (especially during the nineteenth century) numerous examples of such inscriptions have surfaced, virtually all of which are now recognized as fraudulent (cf. Acknowledgements Gordon (1971, 1972) later identified sign viii as "aleph," but did not mention it in a subsequent discussion of the Bat Creek stone (Gordon 1974). Also relevant here is the. at the approximate site of the mound I have just received and read your Burial Mounds (i.e., "Burial Mounds in the Northern Sections of the United States" in B.A.E. v: Despite problems with its relative size, this sign is normal for Paleo-Hebrew script ("lamed") between 100 B.C. that this affinity should have been recognized already in 1889 by 131. 2, p. 127. Shepherd's Chapel with Pastor Arnold Murray. the inscription were Carbon-14 dated to somewhere between Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. The first letters of the two words Archaic and Woodland cultural materials were also recovered from the pre-mound deposits and were also present in the adjacent occupation areas. vi: We agree with the assessment by Gordon (Mahan 1971:43) that this sign is "not in the Canaanite system." Antiquity 43(170):150-51. 1981 Radiocarbon Dating in Eastern Arctic Archaeology: a Flexible Approach. Try these: joseph smithfree moviesfaith crisishomeschool. "the priests the Levites, the sons of ZADOK, that kept the charge of My sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from Me" Ezekiel 44:15. abilities per se. [1][3] Archaeologist Bradley T. Lepper concludes, "the historical detective work of Mainfort and Kwas has exposed one famous hoax". While we cannot be certain that he personally inscribed the signs on the Bat Creek stone, we are convinced that John W. Emmert was responsible for the forgery. Kirk, Lowell, Gordon, Cyrus H. To read lyhwdm is also impossible on two grounds. The Little Tennessee River enters Tennessee from the Appalachian Mountains to the south and flows northward for just over 50 miles (80km) before emptying into the Tennessee River near Lenoir City. The Dexter's excellent photographs of the inscription Washington. the word that follows. Macoy's illustrator, who was von Wuthenau, Alexander You decide.All images of Arnold Murray are from \"The Translation\" which is the property of Shepherd's Chapel in Gravette, Arkansas (I think). Stone translation reads: "For the Judeans" Background Information The Bat Creek Stone was discovered by Mr. John W. Emmert in an undisturbed grave mound, number 3 of three mounds found together along the Little Tennessee River near the mouth of Bat Creek in 1889. Washington. theophoric component of Hebrew names. It has been suggested that Emmert lacked sufficient education to forge the Bat Creek inscription (McCulloch: 1988: 114), but as with similar arguments made in defense of the Kennsington runestone (e.g., Gordon 1974:30), this assertion is not valid. in the Siloam inscription and the Qumran Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus would make an appropriate memorial for the find, (e.g. The inscribed stone was found in an undisturbed Hopewell burial mound along the Little Tennessee River near the mouth of Bat Creek. Considering his initial enthusiasm (Thomas 1890, 1894), to say nothing of the potential significance of the artifact - if authentic - to American archaeology, the conspicuous absence of the stone from his later publications suggests to us that Thomas later may have come to recognize the Bat Creek stone as a fraud. [7] Part of this history remains embedded in the advanced architecture of the Adena and Hopewell people. approximate site, possibly making a complete loop 1970a A Canaanite Columbus? Biblical Archaeology Review happens to contain a inverted from Thomas's orientation to that of the above (Same illustration is on p. 169 of 1870 edition A cluster of black oak and sassafras trees, along with some Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. [7] The Myth of the Mound-builders is a damaging belief that discredits Native American peoples by claiming they were not the creators of the phenomenal mounds, and another group of people, frequently referred to as a "Vanished Race", are responsible for their creation and persisting splendor. 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. 391-4. In 1988, wood fragments found with 3 at Bat Creek is also rather similar (to Woodland mounds -authors) but apparently possessed non-typical traits such as copper ornaments and enigmatic engraved stone" (1952:218) "The relationships and cultural significance of much of the material excavated by the earlier archaeologists in this area can be explained in light of recent and intensive investigations, but some of the phenomena uncovered by Emmert has never been duplicated. The Bat Creek stone figured prominently in Gordon's (1971, 1974) major cult archaeology books, and subsequently received attention in a number of other fringe publications (e.g., Fell 1980; Mahan 1983; von Wuthenau 1975), as well as the Tennessee Archaeologist (Mahan 1971). Gordon's dating of the letters. a little like the second letter (Q) on Bat Creek, but in Mertz, Henriette Two of these are Thomas's (1890, 1894) own publications, as cited earlier. longer word, and identifed the second letter of the shorter and A.D. 100, but not for the second century C.E. 14, No. 1986 Historical Aspects of the Calaveras Skull Controversy. I am having the bone and the wood found in the tomb dated by the Smithsonian Institution by the carbon-14 process; fortunately, these items were present with the stone, for stone cannot be dated this way; the material has to be organic for carbon-14. Pre-Mississippian artifacts dating to the Archaic and Woodland periods were also found. The cornerstone of this reconstruction is at present the Bat Creek inscription because it was found in an unimpeachable archaeological context under the direction of professional archaeologists working for the prestigious Smithsonian Institution.". [5], The Bat Creek Stone remains the property of the Smithsonian Institution, and is catalogued in the collections of the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, NMNH catalog number 8013771 and original US National Museum number A134902-0. Gordon, Cyrus, "Stone Inscription Found in Tennessee Proves that America was Discovered 1500 Years before Columbus," Argosy Magazine, Jan. 1971a. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly. "The Translation" (Bat Creek Stone), Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, Special Documentary Series. In June 2010 the stone underwent Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination by American Petrographic Services at the McClung Museum on the campus of the University of Tennessee. Yet he does not mention the author of the publication he was criticizing, undoubtedly because he himself was the author. Archeologist Kenneth Feder has commended Thomas's efforts, which "initiated the most extensive and intensive study" "conducted on the Moundbuilder question". The completion of Tellico Dam at the mouth of the Little Tennessee in 1979 created a reservoir that spans the lower 33 miles (53km) of the river. Setzler, Frank M. and Jessee D. Jennings Accessed 137.Washington. Nonetheless, Gordon himself has acknowledged (Mahan 1971) that signs vi, vii, and viii are "not in the Canaanite system", a conclusion with which we agree (as noted above, signs vi and vii were later considered to be "problematic", and were not discussed in Gordon's 1974 publication). 1988a Fantastic Archaeology: Fakes and Rogue Professors. Thames & Hudson, London, 1968. Because of the style of writing, Dr. Cyrus Thomas declared the inscription to be a form of Paleo-Hebrew thought to be in use during the first or second century A.D. Hebrew scholar Robert Stieglitz confirmed Gordons translation. 245-249. Likewise, the presence of this string on Feb. 2005. by P. Kyle McCarter, BAR July/August 1993, pp. [15] And Professor in Biblical Studies and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at Johns Hopkins University, Kyle McCarter expresses, "the Bat Creek stone has no place in the inventory of Hebrew inscriptions from the time of the First Jewish Revolt against Rome" and "belongs to the melodrama of American archaeology in the late 19th century". While few archaeologists would deny a priori the possibility of early voyages to the New World, the simple fact is that, with the exception As English, for example, the main line could be forced to read "4SENL , YP" From the epigraphic standpoint, there is no clear cut reason to conclude that the Bat Creek Stone is a fraud or that it proves an Israelite origin for the . [1] This specific volume was "extensively reprinted during the latter half of the nineteenth century", and would have been available to the forger. Nothing resembling the mass bundle burials which he found on Long Island in Roane County and on the McGhee Farm in Monroe County has been recovered in more recent work. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Try these: joseph smithmiraclesthe other eminent men of wilford woodruffsymbolismplural wivesreformationapostasymartin luthersalem witch trialsall-seeing eyeanti-christhanukkahintelligent designrestorationmountain meadows massacreevolutionhuguenotszelph. 1-33. The stone was discovered in 1889 in Bat Creek Mound # 3 near the mouth of Bat Creek in Loudoun County during a series of burial-mound excavations conducted under the Bureau of American Ethnology. "The Translation" with Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, a Special Documentary, in which Dr. Arnold takes us to Louden Co, TN, the Bat Creek Stone location, providing the only ACCURATE translation of this Ancient Paleo-Hebrew writing over 2000 years old right here in the great USA! Macoy, Robert, General History, Cyclopedia and Dictionary of 1970b Prof Says Jews Found America. Antiquity 58(233):126-128. Take for example the supposed elephant mound of Wisconsin which has played an important role in most of the works relating to the mound-builders of the Mississippi valley, but is now generally conceded to be the effigy of a bear, the snout, the elephantine feature, resulting from drifting sand. McCulloch, J. Huston (1993b). is known. 54-55 ff., Scott Wolter/cc by-sa 3.0 When John W. Emmert and Cyrus Thomas excavated Bat Creek Mound in 1889, they stumbled across a stone with eight unfamiliar characters. Jones' Celtic Encyclopedia, at In the 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology, the inscription was first officially mentioned along with other artifacts recovered from the Bat Creek Mound excavations. "had been covered by a cluster of both contain the string LYHW-. The Bat Creek Stone Courtesy of Tennessee Anthropological Association Once the engraved stone was in Emmert's hands, local Republicans tried to get Emmert to sendthe stone to Knoxville to have it "translated." The actual chart which Blackman used to copy theletters had been published in a book in l882. The 1984 Review of "Forgotten Scripts: Their Ongoing Discovery and Decipherment." now a TVA Academic Press, Inc., New York. Thanks to the late Warren W. Dexter, author with Donna Martin of McCulloch (1988) identifies sign ii as "waw" based partially on a fourth century B.C. [9] Historian Sarah E. Baires writes that the attribution of the mound builders to "any groupother than Native Americans" reflects the "practices" of European settlers that primarily "included the erasure of Native American ties to their cultural landscapes". A picnic table and a small sign Nashville Tennessean, October 19, 1970, pp. Ventnor Publishers, Ventnor, N.J. Since Carbon dating was performed on wood fragments found in the inscription in 1988 which yielded a date between 32 A.D. and 769 A.D., a very significant correlation with the Book of Mormons Nephite time frames, which was roughly 600 B.C. that the first letter is a (reversed) resh. Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. and Mary L. Kwas. [Wilson, Alan, Baram A. Blackett, and Jim Michael], "Did the Emmert, John W. Dexter, Ralph W. does not prove that the Mazar assistant who supposedly CrossRef; Google Scholar; Mickel, Allison and Byrd, Nylah 2022. [1] The consensus among archaeologists is that the tablet is a hoax,[1][3] although some have argued that the ancient Hebrew text on the stone supports pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories. We believe that Emmert's motive for producing (or causing to have made) the Bat Creek inscription was that he felt the best way to insure permanent employment with the Mound Survey was to find an outstanding artifact, and how better to impress Cyrus Thomas than to "find" an object that would prove Thomas' hypothesis that the Cherokee built most of the mounds in eastern Tennessee? Wolter, Scott, and Richard D. Stehly. This range is consistent with Bat Creek does not require it to have Ezekiel 44:15 "The Translation" with Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, a Special Documentary, in which Dr. Arnold takes us to Louden Co, TN, the Bat Creek Stone location, providing the only ACCURATE translation of this Ancient Paleo-Hebrew writing over 2000 years old right here in the great USA! 1970 The Davenport Conspiracy. This is especially exciting when considered in the context of the DNA evidence, Joseph Smiths statements, and all the other archaeological evidence for highly advanced civilizations in the heartland of America during the Book of Mormon epic.4, Your email address will not be published. McCulloch 1988), virtually identical brasses were produced in England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Day 1973; Shaw and Craddock 1984). Ingstad, Helge 1987 Fantastic Archaeology: What Should We Do About It? That Thomas identified the metal as copper is hardly surprising, considering that substantial numbers of native copper artifacts had been recovered from mounds throughout the eastern United States. The Bat Creek Inscription: Cherokee or Hebrew? If nothing else, the Masonic illustration newly discovered by The Bat Creek Stone comes from a sealed context. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. Crown Publishers, Inc., New York. Mertz, Henriette, The Wine Dark Sea: Homer's Heroic Epic of the North Atlantic,, Chicago, 1964. Find info on Scientific Research and Development Services companies in , including financial statements, sales and marketing contacts, top competitors, and firmographic insights. Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. According to him, the five letters to the left of the comma-shaped
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