180 30 Theoretical approach is used to identify the heat transfer benefits of the prepared propylene glycol/water based ND nanofluids in laminar and turbulent flow conditions using the thermal properties. The results showed that the Turbiscan stability index of N-CQDs nanofluid was about 1.5 and the T value fluctuated within 0.5%, showing excellent stability. 107-98-2) Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate (PMA; CAS No. The low freezing point of water (below 0C) may be achieved by adding different ratios of ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, so that the EG/W or PG/W fluid can operate up to 50C without any difficult [22]. WebBNNBs exhibit high thermal conductivity due to efficient phonon transfer and they are electrical insulators owing to their wide bandgap. The authors would like to acknowledge the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) for the funding of the present research work through the grant no: PTDC/EME-MFE/105031/2008 (ACMS) and UID/EMS/00481/2013 (TEMA/DEM). 181-190, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 129, 2019, pp. An investigation has been undertaken into the stone processing machines. Annual production of propylene glycol in The article presents the results of detailed studies of the thermal conductivity of the water slurry of microencapsulated PCM (mPCM) and slurry based on waterpropylene glycol solutions. The heat transfer applications of prepared ND nanofluids in a fully developed laminar flow (Reynolds number, Re<2300) can be evaluated based on the Prasher et al. The effect of BNNB concentration in carrier fluids on nanofluid thermal conductivity was investigated by introducing BNNBs into ethylene glycol-water and propylene glycol-water mixtures at 010 wt%. The Choi [1] and his team developed nanofluids (fluids contain nanometer size particles) and obtained higher thermal conductivity compared to base fluids. WebMaintains low electrical conductivity Uses proprietary non-ionic corrosion inhibitor formulation with years of research Can be used with Formulation: Propylene Glycol, 0000002234 00000 n Check with Union Carbide or Dow as they manufacture glycols. I understand they do have a web site. Web9.9 Liquid Water Interfacial Tension: Not pertinent 9.10 Vapor (Gas) Specific Gravity: Not pertinent 9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas): 1.073 9.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization: 306 Btu/lb = 170 cal/g = 7.12 X 105J/kg 9.13 Heat of Combustion: 10,310 Btu/lb = 5,728 cal/g = 239.8 X 105J/kg 9.14 Heat of Decomposition: Not pertinent %%EOF Reynolds numbers were in the range 10100 and fluid inlet temperatures ranged from 5 to 40C. Chemical treatment was used to make ND nanoparticles with an average size of 5.42nm. would like to thank FCT for his post-doctoral research grant: SFRH/BPD/79104/2011. In this particular system we are using an expansion tank with a bladder, so we don't have a make-up pump. k5fX.TX#HksQ} >6!"vg8{!SP/(b8#_"hr 1q"I}\gxu'Gxq`j^vGF`i R7`md\qM._8>)pbE.x%6s&Eg)c^mDO1 }rZ~&\!=[aHM3]qIvT=nD{vf!oSAc0T]z4J0({(YxkyCWboRycfP'{ug04tTS[eun-8'$Q)^U/+jkaIB@^%BX# Based on the results, the thermal conductivity enhancements are 18.8%, 16.8% and 14.1% at 1.0 vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids. Kole and Dey [29] prepared 50:50% PG/W based Al2O3 nanofluids and observed nanofluids obey Newtonian behaviour in the measured temperature range from 10C to 50C. [23] first time prepared 60:40% (weight ratio) of EG/W based CuO nanofluids and observed viscosity enhancement of 4.5-times and 3.1-times at 6.12vol.% at temperatures of 35C to 50C. [30] also prepared 20:80%, 40:60% PG/W based Fe3O4 nanofluids and estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. The purchased UDD powders treated with strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make them into single ND-crystals. Yu et al. How about a secondary heat exchanger, i.e primary steam/water heats intermediate water. Intemediate water is pumped to a secondary heat exchanger w WebThermal conductivities for some common liquids at temperature 300 K (26.8 oC, 80.3 oF): 1 W/(m K) = 1 W/(m oC) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m oC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft h oF) = 0.048 Btu/(in h The instrument is based on transient plane source (TPS) technique and is widely used for thermal conductivity measurement. The synthesized environmentally friendly N-doped carbon quantum dots nanoparticles (N-CQDs) had a uniform particle size distribution, with particle sizes concentrated between 2 and 2.5nm. Naik and Sundar [28] prepared 30:70% PG/W based CuO nanofluid and estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. They also observed the formation of carboxyl groups on the surface of ND particles based on the FTIR analysis. The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of nanodiamond was analyzed by FTIR. The preparation of ND based nanofluids and their thermal properties are given below. provided correct acknowledgement is given. The overall heat transfer coefficient and nanofluid-side heat transfer coefficient under constant bath temperature condition were found to increase with increasing nanoparticle volume concentration. The findings suggest that BNNBs have great potential for use as thermally conductive nanoparticles in nanofluids for various heat transfer applications. The theoretical models of Maxwell and Einstein have failed to estimate the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids as a function of temperature. 0000115846 00000 n In this work, mono B4C and TiB2 and hybrid TiB2:B4C nanoadditives are used for the first time to design nanofluids based on propylene glycol:water 20:80wt%. [15] observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 12% at 0.9vol.% of nanodiamond (ND)-poly (glycidol) polymer brush/EG nanofluids, similarly observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 11% at 1.0vol.% of ND.oleic acid/mineral oil nanofluids. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were estimated experimentally at different particle concentrations and temperatures. The purification of UDD powders is important for achieving good stable nanofluids. The present findings are consistent with those of Palabiyik et al. The Raman, TEM and XRD analysis was also performed on acid treated nanodiamond particles. 180 0 obj <> endobj Forget about conductivity, it is directly related to temperature and is used in domestic/process water systems (water treatment) where you don't ha Accurate estimation of thermal conductivity (TC) of nanofluids is essential in thermophysical studies of nanofluids. The dataset includes 13 different nanofluids with temperature from 30.00 to 149.15C, particle size from 5.00 to 150.00nm, particle thermal conductivity from 1.20 to 1000.00W/mk, particle volume fractions from 0.01 to11.22%, and base fluid thermal conductivity from 0.11 to 0.69W/mk. Additionally, surface tension and electrical conductivity are investigated. The results showed that BNNBs enhanced thermal conductivity of carrier fluids up to 45%, and the enhancement was proportional to the concentration of BNNBs in the carrier fluid. Experimental research was done on the heat transfer, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency of ethylene glycol (EG) based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids flowing in a circular tube. Please enable JavaScript The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission, C, respectively compared to their respective base fluids. DOWFROSTfluid has an operating New friction factor and Nusselt number equations were created. WebDOWFROSTfluid is a formulation of 95.5 percent propylene glycol, dipotassium phosphate and water. 0000073219 00000 n The NTU of SCHE is improved only by 2% over that of the base fluid at the flow rate of 6 lit/min because of the limited improvement of the overall heat transfer coefficient. Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-fluid mixture. 0000002101 00000 n At 1.0vol% of nanofluid and a Reynolds number of 1454.4 in comparison to the base fluid, the Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient are boosted by 29.43%, 45.01%, and a friction factor penalty of 27.59%, respectively. For 1.0% and a Reynolds number of 1454.4, the thermal performance factor is increased by 1.194-times above the basic fluid. The fluid is colorless (water white). The stable ND nanofluids were prepared by considering 60:40% water+ethylene glycol (weight percentage) mixture as base fluid and the experiments were performed at particle loadings ranging from 0.2% to 1.0% and the Reynolds number ranging from 900 to 4800, respectively. Nanofluids offer many opportunities to enhance the efficiency of thermal systems by improving the thermal properties of the host fluids. New thermal conductivity and viscosity correlations have been developed based on the experimental data. You do not have JavaScript enabled. 0 A shell and helically coil heat exchanger (SCHE) is used to experimentally investigate the performance of 60% water and 40% ethylene glycol mixture based Fe3O4 nanofluid as a coolant. In this study, more than 3200 data of thermal conductivity of nanofluids were collected from literature to develop simple-to-use and accurate correlations for predicting relative thermal conductivity of nanofluids. 245-255, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 91, 2015, pp. 40-48, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 90, 2015, pp. Similarly, the viscosity enhancements are 1.55-times, 1.50-times and 1.66-times for the same 1.0vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids at a temperature of 60C, respectively compared to their respective base fluids. A sawing test and a simulation were carried out to analyze the sawing trajectory, the surface topography of the segments and the percentage of worn diamond particles. Effects of working temperature on thermo-physical properties and forced convection heat transfer of TiO 2 nanofluids in waterEthylene glycol mixture. Interactions between spherical and sheet-like nanoparticles explain this behaviour. The specific heat capacity decreases with increasing nanofluid loading. 0000088556 00000 n To create stable nanofluids, the ND nanoparticles are ultrasonically agitated with EG for 4h. At a constant heat flux of q=9099W/m2, experiments were carried out in a laminar flow with Reynolds numbers ranging from 264.4 to 2194.4. The earlier works reveals the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of EG/W mixture based Al2O3, CuO, ZnO and Fe3O4 nanofluids. The thermal performance of the internal heat transfer fluid was an important factor affecting the heat transfer efficiency of the exchanger system. Sundar et al. Namburu et al. It is hygroscopic, meaning that it readily absorbs water from the surrounding environment. In this study, the thermal conductivity of graphene/propylene glycol nanofluids is tested using the Hot Disk TPS-500S thermal constants analyzer (Hot Disk AB, Gteborg, Sweden). The results are beneficial for the design and operation of micro-channel absorber plates. The electrical conductivity of glycol mixtures within the range of Because of the poor electrical conductivity of the -SiC particles compared to the base ethylene glycol and propylene glycols ( p < < bf), case (1) therefore holds accordingly. [16] prepared 20% of water and 50% of engine oil based ND nanofluids and obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 25% at 1.0wt.% Taha-Tijerina et al. The reason for the agglomeration of UDD powders in the base fluid is due to the presence of carbon impurities. The carbon impurities present in the UDD powders is removed with strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make them into single ND crystals. Conductivity is also affected by temperature: the warmer the water, the higher the conductivity. [34], in which the nanofluids prepared in pure PG have lower thermal conductivity enhancement than that of. A binary mixture of propylene glycol and water at 20:80 mass ratio offers protection against freezing up to 265.98 K [13], making it suitable as a heat transfer fluid PGI is a colorless, water soluble, hygroscopic liquid with a characteristic glycol odor, medium viscosity, low vapor This paper reviews and summarizes the experimental values of the physical and thermal properties, including an appropriate focus on the thermal conductivity enhancement, of nanodiamond-nanofluid systems found in the literature as well as different techniques for thermal conductivity measurement. However, experimental studies that jointly explore the physical properties of hybrids and the corresponding mono nanofluids are missing. WebLearn about the chemical and physical properties of Ethylene Glycol/water mixtures, on our blog. These values are significantly larger than that of the marble frame saw. [27] model and Mouromtseff number [31] is used to study the heat transfer benefits of PG/W based ND nanofluids in laminar and turbulent flow conditions. 108-65-6) Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether (DPM; CAS No. The commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders of an average size of 0.12.0m have been used by Dolmatov [2] for the preparation of ND nanofluids, but he faced serious agglomeration problem with UDD powders in the base fluid. 0000000016 00000 n Under constant heat flux conditions, ZnOPG nanofluids exhibited linear increase in heat removal rates with increasing nanoparticle concentration. Therefore, there is no literature on the thermal properties of PG/W mixture based ND nanofluids. One of the authors (L.S.S.) This study investigates the potential of composite allotrope boron nitride nanobarbs (BNNBs) as nanoparticles for enhancing the thermal conductivity of nanofluids based on mixtures of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol with water. model and the Mouromtseff number were used to study the heat transfer capability of ND nanofluid under laminar and turbulent flow conditions. In addition, the models for estimating the viscosity and thermal conductivity of N-CQDs nanofluids are proposed, respectively. An estimation of the optimal supplied energy and time for sonication was suggested, while temperature and volumetric concentration effects on thermal conductivity are evaluated by measurements. Webviscosity, a relatively high specific heat and thermal conductivity, as well as good mixing with water and alcohols cause the ethylene glycol to be widely used in practice [13]. The peak near 1630cm1 represents the OH bending of physically adsorbed water and the hydrogen, Since the literature does not report for the thermal conductivity ratios of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W nanofluids, in Fig. However, the penalty in friction factor and pressure drop is 17.28% and 14.24% under the same Reynolds number and 1.0vol% nanofluid over the base fluid. Among all the carbon materials ND particles creates great interest because of their superior hardness, thermal conductivity, i.e. Different weight or mass ratios of ethylene glycol/water (EG/W) or propylene glycol/water (PG/W) fluids are commonly used as engine coolants for automobile radiators and also used as coolant for electronic equipments, heating industrial and residential buildings in the cold countries of the world such as Alaska, Canada, Northern Europe and Russia, because of its low freezing point i.e. At 1.0vol%, the thermal conductivity enhancements of 12.7% and 22.8%, at 1.0vol%, the viscosity enhancements of 1.57-times and 1.8-times were observed at temperatures of 293K and 333K compared to water data. 1123-1135, Experimental thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanodiamond-based propylene glycol and water mixtures, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2016.07.007, nm can be produced in large quantity by using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. The inadequacy of the widely used VogelTammannFulcher or WilliamsLandelFerry equations to describe the temperature variation of the vacuum Due to the different particle sizes and shapes of nanoparticles, the proposed model can better predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of N-CQDs nanofluids compared with other empirical models. Further to cme's statement, the injection pump for the feed can be alarmed to allow the user know that there may be a system leak. See the follo The hybrid nanofluid presents intermediate values between those of the mono nanofluids for all the properties except dynamic viscosity. Thus, the new prototype machine is suitable for sawing granite. [17] prepared mineral oil based ND nanofluids and obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 70% at 0.1wt.%. The frictional exergy destruction is found to contribute together with heat transfer exergy destruction to the total entropy of the SCHE system. [14,15] for mono nanofluids based on the same base fluid, propylene glycol:water 20:80 wt%. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission The rheological behaviour is investigated through rotational rheometry. The exergy analysis and heat transfer characteristics pertaining to the heat exchanger were also investigated. 0000003207 00000 n The thermal entropy generation is decreased by 31.78% and the frictional entropy generation is raised by 22.50% over the basic fluid data at 1.0% and Reynolds number of 1454.4. From the IR spectra, the UDD powders contain some functional groups of H, OH, COOH were clearly observed but the intensity is very low (black line). Nanoscale, 2023, Advance Article The other chemicals such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), sodium chloride (NaCl), sucrose (C12H22O11) and propylene glycol (C3H8O2) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, USA. The starting product, MICRONAL 5428 X, which contains about 43% microencapsulated paraffin with a transformation temperature of 28 The single phase heat transfer fluids such as water (W), ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG) and engine oil (EO) are primarily used in may industrial applications, among others, power, chemical and food industries. Nanodiamond (ND) nanoparticles of primary particle size of 510nm can be produced in large quantity by using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. Nanodiamondwater nanofluids were prepared and estimated the thermal conductivity, viscosity and also estimated their potential use in heat transfer applications. Copyright Clearance Center request page. 209 0 obj<>stream and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. 0000000918 00000 n WebElectrical Conductivity ( S/cm) 55% Propylene Glycol + 45% DI Water + 0.1% Benzotriazole + 0.05% Nanoparticles (Mix# 2) 55% Propylene Glycol + 45% DI Water + 0.1% Benzotriazole + 0.025% Nanoparticles (Mix# 2) Electrical Conductivity vs. Time for the Coolant Formulations in a 1 L Dynamic Test Loop at 70oC 11 Branson et al. 0000086285 00000 n FPx[[cu/Ajl22jw+x{5DD93o9$C y6q`xTu/~:'KY'Nf700zGRb9 cyI/ dk'Cw JO|i%H_o]*2?h1tz{]uhD5:h;)[.2sQvW |ZHcv7Qcr9]Ee5c w?a%2b5XATC3{d^Tzt h-!T`EH|}'EPj:]vRFl_/ uoDG0x5zUK;EI[".WzVkE=*j\2U]O sh`5 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. [34] for Al2O3/PG and TiO2/PG nanofluids. [20] obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 17.23% for ND/EG nanofluid at 1.0vol.% at a temperature of 30C. 115-123, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 76, 2016, pp. These plates are to be used in a proposed compact (thin and light-weight) solar thermal flat plate collector (FPC). Hybrid nanofluids aim to further improve the characteristics of mono nanofluids. Prasher et al. When compared to Propylene glycolwater (50:50) along with Propylene glycolwater (50:50) dispersed with 0.25% Graphene, it is clear from Fig. 0000125049 00000 n WebThere are two main types of water glycol mixtures used in heating/cooling systems that mix well in water at any concentration. 11 is presented the percentage thermal conductivity enhancement [(knfkbf)/kbf100] for these ratios along with the data with the data of Palabiyik et al. After cycling at 25 and 80 C, LiGe alloy was formed at the Li/LAGP interface as investigated by synchrotron high energy X-ray Diffraction (HEXRD) spectra (Figure 3b ). Prediction of electrical conductivity of TiO 2 water and ethylene glycol-based nanofluids for cooling application in low temperature PEM fuel cells. The local Nusselt number was observed to vary axially despite satisfying the criteria for neglecting entrance effects; this variation increased with the Graetz number. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were investigated experimentally, whereas the density and specific heat were estimated theoretically. Scaling effects such as viscous dissipation and entrance effects had insignificant impact on the measured average Nusselt number. The relative electrical conductivity of -SiC NFs and model predictions determined at 298.15 K are compared as illustrated in Fig. This study investigates theoretically and experimentally the electrical and thermal conductivities of 50/50 water-ethylene glycol based TiO 2 nanofluids with nanoparticle concentrations in the range of 0.05-0.5 vol%. Absolute deviations lower than 1.5% were obtained between the experimental and predicted data using the aforementioned nanopowder thermal conductivities, as can be observed in Fig. The Wilson plot method is used to analyze the helical coil side heat transfer coefficients. It has been shown that water is the best solar energy absorbance among four fluids including water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, Zeta potential is a measure of the electric potential difference between the surface of a particle and the surrounding fluid.
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