Epub 2019 Oct 14. Previous researchers have focused on the validity of hydrometry and reagent strips compared with refractometry, rather than on the reliability of the 3 methods. Twenty-one healthy members of an NCAA Division III wrestling team (age = 20.0 1.29 years, height = 174.7 8.27 cm, mass = 82.8 18.00 kg) each provided one urine sample. Gounden D, Newall RG. There are a variety of items being checked in urinalysis such as: The kidneys are the organs that produce urine. Refraction of light offers advantages for the determination of solute concentrations because the measurement requires no chemical alteration of the specimen. To investigate the reliability and validity of refractometry, hydrometry, and reagent strips in assessing urine specific gravity in collegiate wrestlers. If the specimen is cold, 0.001 must be subtracted from the reading for every 3 degreeC that the specimen temperature is below the urinometer calibration temperature.Conversely, 0.001 must be added to the reading for every 3degreeC that the advantages of refractometer compared to urinometer. 2) Hold the urinometer float by the top and slowly insert it into the cylinder. Meister I, Zhang P, Sinha A, Skld CM, Wheelock M, Izumi T, Chaleckis R, Wheelock CE. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Term. Sensitivity of the reagent strips was 38% and specificity was 83%. The difference will determine approximately how much sugar to add (use column on right). Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Would you like email updates of new search results? McCrossin T, Roy LP. The specific gravity can be measured by a. Urinometer : less accurate method. Sep-Oct 1998;24(5):480-2. Doctors can use refractometers in critical situations to monitor the protein level in plasma and serum. WebUrinometer: 1) Fill the urinometer cylinder to about one inch from the top with urine specimen; measure and record specimen temperature. National Collegiate Athletic Association Wrestling Rules Committee. Trial-by-tester interaction for reagent strips. However, the measurement is affected by alcohol, and the Final Gravity reading needs to be corrected Continue reading Refractometer measures the urine density on the basis of the index of light refraction. The .gov means its official. It is a must to observe the proper time of dipping and reading the result as too early or too long could lead to an inaccurate result. Specific gravity of plasma entering glomerulus: Definition. Investigators in the previously described validity studies all compared hydrometry or reagent strips with refractometry using interclass Pearson correlation coefficients. Accurately identify the presence of leukocytes and nitrite in a urine specimen. Brandon CA. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. Close the daylight plate and allow the water to spread across the sample plate. Hydrometer readings were consistent between trials for each tester but were not consistent among testers (see Table Table1,1, Figure Figure4).4). advantages of refractometer compared to urinometer 2022 Click to see full answer. It can be done through the following ways: Image 4: A urine testing strip using a dipstick. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Clean with distilled water and dry with a soft non-abrasive cloth. The block diagram of the harmonic oscillator consists of an amplifier and a feedback network. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Tester 1 and tester 2 were consistent between trials, but tester 3 and tester 4 were not. Epub 2015 Jun 8. Armstrong LE, Soto JAH, Hacker FT, Jr, Casa DJ, Kavouras SA, Maresh CM. Lil Du Temps Dal Signification, Vincent, Franois, Paul Et Les Autres Streaming Gratuit, Recette Cookeo Thon Tomate, Grafana Tomcat Monitoring, Bouguenais Ville Idale, Oeuvre Qui Dnonce La Pauvret, Lista Soldati Italiani Seconda Guerra Mondiale, . High-Precision Automated Workflow for Urinary Untargeted Metabolomic Epidemiology. Refractometer. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. What are the advantages of using a refractometer compared to a urinometer? Next, pour 25 mL of tap water into the graduated cylinder. Context 2. cinma orlans : programme. Guthrie et al15 collected urine samples from 279 hospital outpatients and found r = .88 between reagent strips and refractometry when no correction was made for the presence of glucose in the urine and r = .92 when a correction was made for glucose. A refractometer can be affected by particle size, temperature, and concentration of the solution as well as light wavelength. Compared to the urinometer, it offers several advantages: only 1-2 drops of urine suffice for the examination; accurate compared to the specific gravity and therefore favored. Abnormalities in urine can be linked to the following: It checks the color and clarity of urine. There might be components that are not supposed to be there such as protein, glucose, blood cells both white and red, crystals, and bacteria. Burkhardt AE, Johnston KG, Waszak CE, Jackson CE, Shafer SR. A reagent strip for measuring the specific gravity of urine. The site is secure. and transmitted securely. Spectroscopy is the study of light. Before FOIA Daniel G. Drury contributed to analysis and interpretation of the data and critical revision and final approval of the article. As described previously, McCrossin and Roy12 found that the correlation between refractometry and hydrometry diminished in the high range of urine specific-gravity measurements. Urinometers are used to measure the specific gravity of urine, a measurement of its density. Urine samples less than 60 mL were measured in a smaller Assistant Urinprober hydrometer (model 248), which is graduated in intervals of 0.002 units with a scale ranging from 1.000 to 1.060. Refractometers are calibrated using: Distilled water and sodium chloride. Because urine specific gravity determines a wrestler's hydration status during the weight-certification process, consideration of false-positive and false-negative hydrometer and reagent-strip results takes on added importance. Please let us know if you agree to functional, advertising and performance cookies. Subjects were not given any special instructions concerning fluid consumption before testing. Popowski et al11 also concluded that measurement of urine specific gravity by refractometry was a valid assessment of hydration status, although it may lag somewhat behind plasma osmolality during progressive acute dehydration. Equipment. Epub 2021 Mar 1. Research to assess the validity of hydrometry and reagent strips compared with refractometry to determine urine specific gravity has provided mixed results. However, if you are going to perform other tests along with urinalysis, then you might be required to undergo fasting for a particular period of time. A urine specific gravity test compares the density of urine to the density of water. If the measurements using the 2 devices are comparable, the differences on the plot should be small and centered on zero. Open up the flap at the end of the refractometer. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. If the container being used to hold the sample isn' Hydrometers are notorious for not being accurate or consistent. advantages: The hand held refractometer is very easy to operate. They have become ubiquitous for the measurement of protein and urine solute concentrations because of their rapidity of analysis, ease of use, and relatively low cost. Can you measure final gravity with a refractometer? WebRefractometers are designed for specific operations, such as measuring liquids such as oils, or water-based liquids, gases, and transparent or translucent solids, such as gemstones. Refractometers are fast, simple, no need to bring down to calibrated temps. The whole strip is dipped in the urine sample and you have to watch out for changes in colors of each square. Rudinsky AJ, Wellman M, Tracy G, Stoltenberg L, DiBartola SP, Chew DJ. With no water in the tank, and no weights on the scale, the arm is horizontal. One is an optical refractometer in which a liquid sample is placed on one end. Most refractometers use a prism and a light source to illuminate the sample. It is convenient to use. The refractometer was reliable between trials for each tester and among all testers. Urine specific gravity is a measure of the ratio of the density of urine to the density of water. The urinometer is an laboratory material that normally used to measure the specific gravity of urine. Compared to hydrometers, they have the advantage that only a few drops of liquid and needed and that the measurement doesnt need to be corrected for temperature. (Level 2) 13. First, a sample of the test fluid (purple) is put on the face of a glass prism (gray) of a known refractive index. In 1997, three collegiate wrestlers died while attempting to reduce weight by dehydration.13 To prevent a recurrence of this tragedy, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) introduced new rules in 1998 that discourage dangerous weight-cutting practices.13 These new rules include a weight-certification process that requires the determination of hydration status. Inexpensive - Low initial cost and low levels of maintenance. Urine specific-gravity measurements normally range from 1.002 to 1.030.5 The NCAA selected a urine specific-gravity measurement of 1.020 to indicate euhydration.4 Wrestlers with a urine specific gravity 1.020 are considered euhydrated and may have their body composition assessed to determine their minimal weight for competition, whereas wrestlers with a urine specific gravity >1.020 are considered to be dehydrated and may not proceed to body-composition testing on that day. This approach plots the differences between 2 measurement devices against the mean of the measurement devices. Place the cylinder on the lab bench and read the volume of the water using the bottom of the meniscus and the volume makings on the cylinder. Refractometer measurements were consistent between trials (R = .998) and among testers; hydrometer measurements were consistent between trials (R = .987) but not among testers; and reagent-strip measurements were not consistent between trials or among testers. For example, if the urine specimen was collected by an untrained collector in an unprofessional setting. advantage is communicationdisadvantage being unable to communicate. Clinical refractometers, or TS Meters, are found in many hospitals and clinics. 1988;26(3):195-242. doi: 10.3109/10408368809105890. Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Hillman SK, et al. (Level 2) 12. Copyright 2023 MassInitiative | All rights reserved. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Trial-by-tester interaction for hydrometer. This quick test can help determine how well your kidneys are diluting your urine. METHODS Twenty freshman NCAA Division II college football It allows doctors to see the concentration of particles present in Shown below is an animation of a Pulfrich refractometer. This study sought to validate clinical measures of urine concentration against the criterion standard, urine osmolality. This is a health risk for the wrestler, which is the very situation the NCAA was trying to prevent with the establishment of the new wrestling rules. If you have a specific gravity of urine under 1.030, it means you are still within the normal range. Submit the urine sample to the lab for analysis. What are the advantages of refractometry? At first I was unsure on how these were different but after using the lab program and following the instructions I can now see that different balances are needed for difference situations. Indianapolis, IN: National Collegiate Athletic Association; 1999. Refractometers are especially useful for determining urine specific gravity on veterinary samples because they require relatively small sample volumes. A small beam of light (red) is shined at the prism surface. First, place an empty graduated cylinder on a balance, determine its mass and record the value under the Density of Water: Data Table. As mentioned above, they are not as great post fermentation and only a hydrometer will These include red blood cells, white blood cells, and epithelial cells. The urinometer, a type of hydrometer, was used for measuring the specific gravity of urine. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A urine test is not a definite diagnosis of a particular condition. Specific The doctor might require follow-up test to determine the right course of action. However, the persons urine is not always perfect. False negatives (fail refractometer, pass other method) also occurred with the hydrometer (3/168, 2%) and reagent strips (15/168, 9%). Advantages are, only one or two drops of urine is sufficient and temperature correction not necessary. If the specimen is cold, 0.001 must be subtracted from the reading for every 3 degreeC that the specimen temperature is below the urinometer calibration temperature.Conversely, 0.001 must be added to the reading for Specific gravity can be measured using refractometer, osmolality and reagent strip. They suggested that the correction for glucose was appropriate but probably academic. Refractometers are fast, simple, no need to bring down to calibrated temps. Refractometers also can be used to calculate serum water concentration. advantages of refractometer compared to urinometer. and transmitted securely. FOIA This study was designed to pr A comparison of reagent strips and the refractometer for measurement of urine specific gravity in hospitalized children Pediatr Nurs. Vet Clin Pathol. Refractive index compares: Light velocity in air with light velocity in solutions. No significant difference was found between the devices. Urine samples were divided into 2 subsamples (trials A and B) for analysis. Numerous authors have reported that the results of protein estimation by refractometry for domestic mammals correlate well with those obtained by the biuret method, although others have reported both higher and lower refractometric results compared with biuret results. Future research is warranted to assess whether a urine specific-gravity measurement of 1.020 as selected by the NCAA is an appropriate cut-off value to indicate euhydration. Many machines have viscosity read-outs which are very helpful until they are no longer reliable due to age and use. Joined Sep 10, 2011 Messages 1,241 Reaction score 66 Location Austin. The urinometer, a type of hydrometer, was used for measuring the specific gravity of urine. Refractometers are used to measure the quantity of sugar dissolved in water. Some that may require a more precise measurement where as others may not need such accurate measurements. Refractometers are especially useful for determining urine specific gravity on veterinary samples because they require relatively small sample volumes. 'Specific gravity' is a function of the number, density and weight of the solute particles present in the urine, and is used as a measure of the concentrating power of the kidney. 'Specific gravity' is a function of the number, density and weight of the solute particles present in the urine, and is used as a measure of the concentrating power of the kidney. Each square represents a particular component such as the concentration of urine, pH level, protein in urine such as albumin, glucose/sugar, ketones (a byproduct of fat breakdown), hemoglobin, leukocyte esterase/white blood cells, bilirubin, nitrite, and urobilinogen. Finally, analysis of the data in Table Table11 and Figure Figure55 reveals that reagent-strip measurements were not consistent between trials for the testers or among testers. The user then looks through the other end to get a reading. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 10 microliters of the sample is then added and the assay absorption is measured at 340nm. Urine specific gravity measurement: reagent strip versus refractometer. large volume needed correct for temp. It is more of a qualitative test than a quantitative one. It does not store any personal data. 'Specific gravity' is a function of the number, density and Tai YH, Tsai PC, Ho YL, Delaunay JJ, Wei PK. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Then, replace the cylinder filled with water back on the balance to weigh and record the mass of both cylinder and water. Picture Source: encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com. Interobserver reliability of canine urine specific gravity assessed by analog or digital refractometers. Advantages: B. REFRACTOMETER principle is Refractive Index or RI. Start urinating in the toilet and pass the collection container in the urine stream. False negatives occurred to a lesser extent with the hydrometer (2%) and reagent strips (9%). Urinometer What are the benefits of a refractometer? Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Disposable pipet. Most refractometers are calibrated by using a sample of distilled water. WebDescription. WebThe main advantages are, only one or two drops of sample urine is enough and temperature correction not required. The urine should be collected first thing in the morning. The light that is being focused travels through the substance gets absorbed by the. First, it There are several advantages to using a refractometer instead of a hydrometer, especially in that the refractometer does not suffer from many of the same shortcomings of the hydrometer. Bland JM, Altman DG. Manual methods are being replaced by digital refractometers for many reasons. The following instruments were used to assess urine specific gravity. Validity of the hydrometer and reagent strips was assessed by comparing them with refractometry, the criterion measure for urine specific gravity.711. Subsequently, the use of reagent strips was eliminated.6 Our data support this decision and further suggest that the use of the hydrometer also should be eliminated. It is a ratio of the velocity of light in air to the velocity of light in solution, and is directly proportional to the number of dissolved solids in urine. Urinary indices of hydration status. Examination of the method trial tester interaction (see Table Table1,1, Figure Figure3)3) reveals that the refractometer was reliable by trial and tester, which was further confirmed by a high intraclass correlation between trials. (1, 2, and 3). Advantages are, only one or two drops of urine is sufficient and temperature correction not necessary. weighted float calibrated in terms of specific gravity. disadvantages: This test requires the collection of urine (which is sometimes difficult) and the purchase of a small sample size, temperature correction not required correction for protein and glucose required but refractometer is less affected: Term. What are the advantages of the refractometer? Whereas hydrometers measure specific gravity (SG) based on the density of a liquid, refractometers determine SG using refraction of light. Example Sentences: (1) There is no correlation between the relative supersaturation of CaOx and the SG-determination ( urinometer, test stick). 2015 Sep;63(5):254-9. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2014.1002553. 'Specific gravity' is a function of the number, density and weight of the solute particles present in the urine, and is used as a measure of the concentrating power of the kidney. This was expected because a key disadvantage of reagent strips is that the visual interpretation of color change on the reagent strip often is difficult and very subjective. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Finally, scientists from Miles Laboratories,13 which produces N-MULTISTIX reagent strips, compared their reagent strips with refractometry in 791 nonhospitalized subjects. Four testers measured the specific gravity of each urine sample 6 times: twice by refractometry, twice by hydrometry, and twice by reagent strips. The sensitivity of a test indicates how well a test finds disease positives (ie, those with the condition, such as dehydration). Search for similar pages. However, the correlation coefficient decreased as the urine specific gravity increased. - R. = comparison of velocity of light in air w/the velocity of light in a solution. However, interclass correlations may not be the appropriate statistical technique because the same variable is being correlated. While analog handheld refractometers require an external light source for measurement, digital refractometers use light from an internal LED light source. This ratio varies directly with the number of dissolved particles in urine and, as such, varies similarly with the specific gravity of urine. the density of dissolved chemicals in urine compared with the density of water. Two types of questions can be asked in method-comparison studies. Furthermore, we did not determine if the urine samples contained glucose or protein. indirect methods of measuring SG (2) Definition.
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