Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. Which of the following is not a dimension of culture? [67], In the 21st century, the protection of culture has been the focus of increasing activity by national and international organizations. Humans acquire culture through the learning processes of enculturation and socialization, which is shown by the diversity of cultures across societies. We will look at how the country's culture . However, the concept may also apply to corporations, professions and other cultural groups, as well as to settings such as online and offline communication. Will the audience listen to me? copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: "Sapere Aude" ("Dare to be wise!"). You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. In the context of cultural studies, a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture. All other. They are characterized by shared values, norms, and beliefs that develop over time. [vii], [ii] online.seu.edu/articles/high-and-low-context-cultures/, [iii] courses.candelalearning.com/-by-culture-2/, [iv] https://www.cleverism.com/understanding-cultures-people-hofstede-dimensions/, [v] courses.candelalearning.com/-by-culture-2/, [vi] http://tevinsic.blogspot.com/2012/03/cultural-patterns-and-communication_02.html, [vii] https://www.inspireimagineinnovate.com/pdf/globesummary-by-michael-h-hoppe.pdf. Primitive To begin our exploration of Japans high context culture, we must first compare it to other high context cultures. b. c. [19] "Stimulus diffusion" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. In contrast, low-context cultures rely on explicit verbal communication. succeed. Virtuous behavior involves treatment meted out to others in a similar manner as one prefers to be treated oneself. mentioned in the text? Answer: d. business ethics. c. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender. Communicators from North America, Scandinavia, and Germany tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented. Germany Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as "noble savages" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West. Article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights deals with cultural heritage in two ways: it gives people the right to participate in cultural life on the one hand and the right to the protection of their contributions to cultural life on the other. Because of social media, communicators can now reach out to larger and more varied audiences than in the past. a. The aim is not to protect a person's property, but rather to preserve the cultural heritage of humanity, especially in the event of war and armed conflict. a. teaches : 1275997, Every country has a unique culture or common heritage that. According to Karl von Habsburg, President of Blue Shield International, the destruction of cultural assets is also part of psychological warfare. "[27] This concept of culture is also comparable to the German concept of bildung: "culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world. Which of the following countries represents a high-context culture? Required fields are marked *. results from a common gene pool. [58]:158168[59] Culture psychologists began to try to explore the relationship between emotions and culture, and answer whether the human mind is independent from culture. Exploring the World of Knowledge and Understanding. creating an entirely online presence. These include expressive forms like art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies like tool usage, cooking, shelter, and clothing. culture? The notion that they hold unique beliefs. a. a.Ethnocentrism occurs in only Western cultures. average, one in five hate crimes in the United States target people on the North Americans value straightforwardness and are suspicious of evasiveness. "a general process of intellectual, spiritual, and aesthetic development. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, other critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects. c. (b) Volkswagen Behavior as per social norms that are established for maintenance of social harmony among in-group members; Considering the wider collective with regards to implications of their actions; Sharing of resources and readiness to give up personal interest keeping in mind the collective interest; Favoring some in-groups (such as friends and family); Being a part of a few in-groups that have an influence on their lives. b. Collectivistic: High-context cultures are generally collectivist culturesthey place a higher value on the good of an entire group of people than on any one individual. "Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example", Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture&oldid=1150847788. Communicators in low-context cultures tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures. b. ),[54] which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Primitive. d. Unequal relationships existing between people ensure the stability of society. The UN and UNESCO promote cultural preservation and cultural diversity through declarations and legally-binding conventions or treaties. Which of the following statements about today's business environments is most accurate? All rights reserved. c.is created by a structured educational system. Such perspectives are common in the discipline of cultural studies. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through diffusion or acculturation. They also depend little on the context of a situation to convey their meaning. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. Performance Orientation: The degree to which a collective encourages and rewards group members for performance improvement and excellence. Uncertainty Avoidance: The extent to which a society, organization, or group relies on social norms, rules, and procedures to alleviate unpredictability of future events. Future Orientation: The extent to which individuals engage in future-oriented behaviors such as delaying gratification, planning, and investing in the future. (a)To maintain good relations with trading partners, (c) To support its domestic industries that use minerals, (d) To increase global supply and reduce the price, Answer- 1) Which country is high context culture? (c) Michael Jordan These values are reflected in the way people conduct business, as relationships are often valued over transactions. [12][13], The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. "[7], In 1986, philosopher Edward S. Casey wrote, "The very word culture meant 'place tilled' in Middle English, and the same word goes back to Latin colere, 'to inhabit, care for, till, worship' and cultus, 'A cult, especially a religious one.' Social media always makes individuals of various cultures feel connected. According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized. c. c. d. (b) Impunity is \qquad (d) the inability to break a habit. Many businesses have written ethical mission statements, installed hotlines, and appointed compliance officers to ensure strict adherence to standards and legislation. Create your account. b. Which of the following is a benefit of a diverse work environment? As a result, employers need employees who can write because today's digital media requires more written communication than ever. The United States b Chinese Korean d Arab e . use words that will impress the listener. follow up important messages in writing. Roger OKeefe, Camille Pron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Organizations like UNESCO attempt to preserve culture and cultural heritage. b.Ethnocentrism does not exist in today's culturally diverse workplace. United States b. Germany c. Norway d. Japan ANSWER: RATIONALE: Japan, along with China and Arab countries, is a high-context culture.d. The transnational flow of culture has played a major role in merging different cultures and sharing thoughts, ideas, and beliefs. Germany This type of cultural sociology may be loosely regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Additionally, there is a strong emphasis on respecting ones elders and showing loyalty to family and community. "[30] According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. Individualism For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics. Unlock new opportunities and expand your reach by joining our authors team. The emphasis on family is evident in the way people refer to each other, with family members typically being referred to by their given name or title. "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?" Social media are playing an increasingly prominent role in business. "Culture, science and indigenous psychologies: An integrated analysis." When used as a count noun, a "culture" is the set of customs, traditions, and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. All answer choices are communication technologies being used by companies today. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture,[32] in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially. d. People are comfortable standing close to each other. promoting from within. Additionally, Japan has a stronger emphasis on hierarchy, with hierarchical relationships being deeply embedded in the culture. For uses in the natural sciences, see, Early researchers and development of cultural sociology, Tylor, Edward. "[39] As such, culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. c. Fostering contractual relationships that revolve around the fundamentals of exchange. (a) Bias is \qquad (c) freedom from the fear of punishment. Explain. a. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. "bro culture"), or a counterculture. High-context cultures are more likely to be intuitive . These include works from South America and North America, which includes Central America and Greenland.The Siberian Yupiit, who have great cultural overlap with Native Alaskan Yupiit, are also included. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of Bildung: "For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."[22]. Which of the following countries is considered a high-context Legal. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism. (b) China d. Human Growth and Development: Certificate Program, Human Growth and Development: Help and Review, Human Growth and Development: Tutoring Solution, Human Growth and Development: Homework Help Resource, UExcel Social Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Social Psychology: Certificate Program, Social Psychology: Homework Help Resource, Educational Psychology: Tutoring Solution, UExcel Life Span Developmental Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Help and Review, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Tutoring Solution, Life Span Developmental Psychology: Homework Help Resource, Human Growth & Development Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, DSST Lifespan Developmental Psychology Prep, Create an account to start this course today. a. (a) The EU imposes tariffs on U.S. agricultural products, (b) China limits the amount of rare-earth minerals that can be Economics questions and answers. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry. | Your email address will not be published. b. His use, and that of many writers after him, "refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human. a. He noted that in Japan, it is important to take the time to build relationships with colleagues and clients, as this can greatly influence business outcomes. All are benefits of a diverse work environment. Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau, have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. In a Marxist view, the mode and relations of production form the economic base of society, which constantly interacts and influences superstructures, such as culture. [citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded. business ethics. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. 2) Exploring the Benefits of Probiotics in Greek Yogurt, Who Invented the Pythagoras Theorem? This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy. [25] This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. High-context cultures are those that communicate in ways that are implicit and rely heavily on context. Culture (/ k l t r /) is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. This E-mail is already registered with us. The second covers the variables that represent the "social orientation" of societies, i.e., the attitudes and lifestyles of their members. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. [2] Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. CHAPTER 36: Assessment of the Hematologic Sys, Communications in Management Chapter 02: Flas, Communications in Management Chapter 01: Flas, Communications in Management Chapter 01: Prac, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. Presence technology, videoconferencing, and cloud computing are communication technologies being used by many companies today. [48] Cultural studies is concerned with the meaning and practices of everyday life. UNESCO and its partner organizations such as Blue Shield International coordinate international protection and local implementation. _________ [3] Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. 36. The visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas encompasses the visual artistic practices of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from ancient times to the present. Marion hired you to research why employees are coming late and. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Primitive Culture. Check all that apply. Kim, Uichol (2001). These communicators represent what kind of culture? Technology has not affected how and why we communicate. d.Developers of social media should use the same design principles for all audiences. ", "the works and practices of intellectual and especially artistic activity.". assume that the listener understands if he or she nods and smiles in agreement. Which of the following countries represents a high-context culture? Psychological barriers to listening include hearing disabilities, poor acoustics, and noisy surroundings. Globalization has had both positive and negative impacts on Japans high context culture. Read:Discussion Background and answer all, You work for an auto manufacturer designing brake systems, but you do not have a dedicated team. Chapter_01_Communicating_in_the_Digital_Age_Workplace, The purpose of this discussion is to help you use strategies to effectively communicate in a professional environment. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Additionally, the language provides clues to its high context nature, and family and community play an important role in shaping the culture. On the one hand, this can be physical impact on individual objects or the destruction caused by increasing environmental pollution and, on the other hand, socio-cultural effects on society. Emphasis on personal enjoyment, fun, and pleasure, over duties and social norms. Learn more about its definition, characteristics, ingroups, and examples. Context, which refers to the stimuli, environment, or ambience surrounding an event, is probably the most important dimension of culture. In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (17671835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. Most Americans communicate with business associates at approximately 1 feet. of the following countries would be considered low-context cultures: The a. Benevolence has little or no significance; Much value is associated with mastery of people, nature, job, and the like; Sense of humor, intelligence, affection, personality are considered preferred characteristic traits of a boyfriend by the women; Understanding, wealth, and health are considered desirable characteristic traits of a husband by the women. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence of Richard Hoggart, E.P. on the context of a situation to convey their meaning. Which of the following is an example of an export control? Collectivism I: (Institutional) The degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action. of intercultural communication. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of religion. Japan is a country with a high-context culture. They rely less on context & non-verbal cues and instead convey meaning more directly. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been used to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Which word would be, To prevent reactions due to language usage, Peter should probably use "layoff" to describe his company's need to let go of employees. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movementssuch as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empiredeveloped a more inclusive notion of culture as "worldview" (Weltanschauung). Monochronic vs. Polychronic Communication Styles | What Are Chronemics? Big Sandy Community and Technical College. Group of answer choices In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (17441803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Select an answer and submit. Diffusion of innovations theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.[20]. In order to gain a better understanding of Japans high context culture, we interviewed several people who have lived and worked in the country. Empathetic senders consider how the receiver will decode the message and try, As you first begin the composition process, which of the following questions should you ask yourself? For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. 2009) = Lascaux and Preservation Issues in Subterranean Environments: Proceedings of the International Symposium (Paris, February 26 and 27), ditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 360 p. Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Honour Cultures of honour and cultures of law, "Repositioning culture for development: women and development in a Nigerian rural community", "Why China Loves American Chain Restaurants So Much", Stephen Wolfram (May 16, 2017) A New Kind of Science: A 15-Year View, "Biography of Adolf Bastian, ethnologist", "What is Anthropology? Which of the following countries would be considered individualistic cultures: Which of the following countries would be considered low-context cultures: The degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous . Low-context and high-context cultures are the ends of a continuum portraying how cultures communicate. What should he do when citing numbers in the contract? Communications 256: Intercultural Communication, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
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