The neural substrates underlying handwriting are still not well understood because there are a number of brain areas which interact and which are responsible for various aspects of the ability to write. In the course of the evolution of the studies on writing, the graphologists drew in parallel on the areas that were developing and expanding in psychological theories and practices, in particular important points of reference for them were Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung. Two frontal and parietal superior regions seem to be involved, whereas fronto-medial, precentral, frontal inferior, temporal posterior, thalamic and cerebellar areas act at different degrees, from orthographic selection to motor execution. In Germany a contemporary of Michon, Adolf Hentze, worked as a graphological practitioner for a Leipzig periodical and by a series of correct handwriting analyses not only . It takes a wide range of activities to study handwriting. (2014) Calligraphy and meditation for stress reduction: an experimental comparison. One of his famous treatise titled Intelligence and feeling. However, the rules and definition are derived based on the discussions and views of the people of a Graphological Institute in . In this context Platon and colleagues argued that the superior parietal cortex might be concerned with the selection or representation of letter shapes and had a part of a high-level interface between motor and language areas during written language production [90]. Mouly S, Mah I, Champion K, Bertin C, Popper P et al. Bradley N (1985) How hypothesis testing can help graphology. To restrict the field to a psychological and psychological-clinical position, the stimulus that we felt in this exploration work could be to open a way of perspective comparison between different points of view in order to search for elements of correspondence in the study of personality and health mental, through the identification and use of tools that can be correlated between them by both parties respecting criteria of validity, sensitivity, reliability and significance. For Jung, the Person on a symbolic level represents a cover that does not coincide with the true reality of the individual, in fact it is opposed by that other side of ourselves, part of the Personal Unconscious, called Ombra the dark brother who, although invisible, is inseparable from us and is part of our totality [12]. Returning to Italy, between 1899 and 1991, Marco Marchesan stressed the importance of quantitative research and developed a methodology for designing a handwriting analysis system of 226 graphic signs and 3500 trends evaluated through a measurement scale expressed in centigrades, an extremely elaborate graphological system called psychology of writing: signs and trends, thus distancing a type of graphology that he considered to be without laws and a psychological system of reference. Graphologists use their skills to analyse the genetic characteristics of a person as well as their behaviour, traits and thought patterns. In the rest of Europe, particularly in Germany, Ludwig Klages (1872-1956) a philosopher and a psychologist was the leading figure in the field of characterology and tried to perceive the level of fullness of life of the person from studies on handwriting. Instrumental analysis highlighted specifically a dysfunction of the basal ganglia and/or reduced activity of the sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area as a possible substrate for hand-motor disorders in depression. These psychic contents, inhabitants of the deepest layers of the human soul, gradually rise to an identical meaning for all the individuals of a particular stock, nation, religion, ethnicity. In addition, the precision of the estimates did not depend on the contents of the writings, although the handwritten texts were spontaneously produced [115]. For example Linderman explained that the graphologist can recognize marked managerial skills to three different people without considering that one of them could recognize himself relating him to his own organizational skills, and the other to those relating to the knowledge of his work and the third to his interpersonal skills [118]. The data in accordance with previous studies deposed to give to the species pressure the best predictor index of depression [49, 50]. The basic components of a writing system are called graphemes (by analogy to phonemes in phonology ). They are the expression of the ancestral experience of man. Giannini M, Pellegrini P, Gori A, Loscalzo Y (2019) Is Graphology Useful in Assessing Major Depression? It is a test that is based on psychoanalysis, in the projective techniques and investigation in order to issue the evaluation and analysis of the characteristics of the personality of the consultant. Robert derived from his studies that the negative mood was linked to the letters dissociated and the conduct of the graphic layout [44]. Outcomes demonstrated that individuals affected by schizophrenia spectrum disorder or bipolar disorder manifested significant motor impairments [65]. Graphology is a projective technique which objective is the study of personality traits of individuals through the interpretation of the so called graphic strokes of handwriting. Crpieux Jamin (1947) Lcriture et le caractre. New York Holt, Rinehart Winst. The act of writing, then, follows temporal dimensions related to the more or less rapid succession of letters, not apart from temporal conditions with different trends. Editions T. Schfer A (2016) Graphology in German psychiatry (1870-1930). With the study of handwriting some paradoxes of a persons character can be comprehended through graphology. (2004) Kinematical analysis of handwriting movements in depressed patients. The instrument of undisputed psychometric and structural value is the projective test of investigation of the personality based on the inkblots of Hermann Rorschach and which we believe represents a wonderful means of scientific craftsmanship. Fluckinger, Fritz A, Tripp, Clarence A, Weinberg GH (1961) A Review of Experimental Research in Graphology: 1933 - 1960. Graphology is based on the premise that writing is a form of expressive behavior, although there is little empirical evidence for its validity. Other criticisms were moves to graphology in terms of scientific reliability already beginning to experimental work examined by Fluckinger and coworkers in 1961 that judged poor graphology inference; and subsequently Klimoski et al. (2006) Disability and Depression: Investigating a Complex Relation Using Physical Performance Measures. Longcamp M, Boucard C, Gilhodes JC, Anton JL, Roth M et al. However there has been an upswing in the number of functional neuroimaging investigations in this field. The assessment methodology could differently to refer to the same school membership of the graphologist. On the extreme side of depression, in cases of anti-conservative gestures, Mouly et al. Teulings HL, Contreras Vidal JL, Stelmach GE, Adler CH (1997) Parkinsonism Reduces Coordination of Fingers, Wrist, and Arm in Fine Motor Control. Hirsh HN (1987) Review of Baruch: the Scientific Aspects of graphology. Salvatore Mazza The Healthy Arts and Psychology had put the graphology close to future-logy [117]. In 1994, Kristeva concerning the same condition of psychological distress in addition to a lighter pressure in the tract showed several breaks irregularities, the letters m and n filiform and a descending line [43]. Rosenblum et al. In other words, in each individual revived the experiences with which the previous generations phylogenetically reacted. These traits are easily recognizable by the common experience of everyday life; based on this assumption the same aspects can be grasped and attributed to people that a more detailed analysis would be rather different. Lowis and Mooney examined whether specific components of the writing of a sample of 100 students could connect to the personality traits and the success that they obtained in written examinations [107]. In addition, the graphic aspects such as the pressure of writing on the paper, the size of the letters, the closure or not of the letter o, speed, etc. The authors presented an activation of right cerebellum, in particular it has been reported increased cerebellar activation in the right anterior cerebellum and in the right posterior cerebellum [90]. Ben-Shakhar et al. Williams et al. The act of writing draws on the energy and the creative tension inside a metaphorical representation of the inner world. Andre Deutsch. . Van Gemmert AW, Teulings HL, Contreras Vidal JL, Stelmach GE (1999) Parkinsons disease and the control of size and speed in handwriting. Sharma JM BV (1985) Graphology: what handwriting can tell you about an Applicant. Handwriting represents one of the most important elements of development in human culture. departed from the hypothesis that the tendency to introversion, extroversion, reflection and impulsivity were aspects of personality detectable from an handwriting analysis [54]. Rassegna di Neuropsichiatria. Urbani P (2004) Processo alla grafologia: magia, arte o scienza? McNeal JU (1967) Graphology: A New Marketing Research Technique. Objective tools for measuring were represented by ruler and protractor to calculate tilt, height and size; regularity, harmony and continuity were a variety of means complementary to the survey. In the alteration of this mechanism the motor slowing, for example, represents an important aspect of depression, Mergl et al. Okamura T, Fukai M, Yamadori A, Hidari M, Asaba H et al. Pulver is considered one of the most important exponents of the science of graphology and spatial symbolism, even now an integral element of the evaluation system of handwriting. Graphology is the study of human personality through writing. 1. This manuscript aims to provide a quantitative picture of the handwriting analysis trying to combine insights from different sources and exploring conditions, limits and possibilities of its subject matter and methods involved. Crespo Y, Ibaez A, Soriano MF, Iglesias S, Aznarte JI (2019) Handwriting movements for assessment of motor symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder. 2. conducted a study focused on the identification of specialized brain areas according to the multiplicity of the representation of the letters such as motoric similarities B vs. P, visual similarities A vs. R, abstract similarities A vs. a [57, 96]. In the following centuries the study of handwriting tried to establish methods more and more serious and reliable. Bradley recognized the need for systematic studies on a large scale to prove the validity of graphology noting that graphology has been developed using a combination of inductive and deductive reasoning [99]. Rafaeli A, Klimoski RJ (1983) Predicting sales success through handwriting analysis: An evaluation of the effects of training and handwriting sample content. We have therefore proceeded to recognize, in the scientific sphere, the terms and definitions that have, with time, increasingly outlined its status. In England, the Czech-born Robert Saudek (1880-1935) became interested in experiments of comparison with stroboscopic movement cinema and movement measurement in handwriting, developing a rigorous and mechanized method to define scientifically the concept of speed coming to formulate graphic laws at the base of the graphomotor gesture. Is a projective personality test, that lets you know someone's temperament, genetic factors that lead our behaviors, biological basis, and character. The authors provided novel neural evidence for abstract and modality-specific representations of letters and identifies the specific neural substrates in which these different representational types are instantiated. strm J, Thorell LH (2008) Graphometric Variables of Ones Signature: II. It is a science because it measures the structure and movement of the written forms - slants, angles and spacing are accurately calculated and the pressure is observed in magnification and with precision. Rozin P, Nemeroff C (1990) The laws of sympathetic magic. Practices relate to the future prediction are frequently used to describe, categorize and explain the present. Outcomes provided a higher correlation between the data obtained from some graphological signs such as, upper zone, lower zone, the angle of the line, the depth and the distance from the margins compared to the questionnaire of the predictive capabilities of academic success. The results showed an acceptable level of correspondence and reliability of the graphological instruments such as to constitute an additional element in decision making in psychiatry and internal medicine. Balestrino M, Fontana P, Terzuoli S, Volpe S, Inglese ML et al. Geoffrey A Dean (1987) Does Astrology Need to Be True? It is possible to monitor the handwriting in itinere, that is, at separate times, taking into account the variables that can act and intervene on the human soul. Between 1889 and 1978 the Estonian psychologist Ania Teillard before he dedicated herself to the study of Jung and later became a pupil of Klages and established contacts with Pulver, Saudek and Crpieux-Jamin. Linderman M, Lebedev MA, Erlichman JS (2009) Recognition of Handwriting from Electromyography. They pointed out twelve cortical and subcortical functional regions associated at different degrees with writing precesses. Graphology. Bern. 16192 Coastal HWY, Lewes The literature suggests that abnormalities of movement are a key feature also observed in psychosis [60]. As far as the first, he metapsychologically worked on a definition and a broad treatment of the three instances called Id, Ego and SuperEgo, which respectively constitute the sites of instinctual drives, where the Id pursues the pleasure principle, the Ego embodies the sense of reality and tends to defer the satisfaction of desire, when it is possible and the SuperEgo performs a normative and model function respect to which the Ego must mediate on the forces of the Id [7]. Dazzi C, Pedrabissi L (2009) Graphology and Personality: An Empirical Study on Validity of Handwriting Analysis. Satow R, Rector J (1995) Using Gestalt Graphology to Identify Entrepreneurial Leadership. In this regard, it is worth pointing out that graphological studies are independent of judgments about everything from the narrative style and content of a paper, concentrating exclusively on the characteristics of the graphic trace that the person inscribes on the leaf. investigate how children affected by autism spectrum disorder plan and control their handwriting actions [67]. Abstract. considered, unlike projective tests, graphology as a test sufficiently structured inherent in the writing itself and the lack of consideration of the textual content constituted one of the elements being assessed in responses to projective tests [13]. Neter E, Ben Shakhar G (1989) The predictive validity of graphological inferences: A meta-analytic approach. Already Teillard Ania in addition to the pressure of the tract had identified as characteristics of a mood inflection that the letters were presented through the acute form, garland, the letters were smaller in the middle zone of the handwriting and the diacritical mark in the letter t had a course oriented to the right [3]. Kristeva J (1994) Soleil noir, quelques aspects de la dpression feminine. Fogassi L, Gallese V (2004) Action Binding as a Key to Multisensory Integration. Gabriele Sani No scientific evidence exists to support graphology, [1] [2] and it is generally considered a pseudoscience [3] [4] [5] [6] or scientifically questionable practice. Shackleton, Viv Newell S, Day AL (1994) European management selection methods: A comparison of five countries. Freud S (2015) Tre saggi sulla teoria sessuale. The study of physical characteristics and patterns of someone's handwriting is known as graphology. Sugihara G, Kaminaga T, Sugishita M (2006) Interindividual uniformity and variety of the Writing center: A functional MRI study. Snyder CR, Shenkel RJ, Lowery CR (1977) Acceptance of personality interpretations: the Barnum Effect and beyond. Astrm et al. Petrides M, Pandya DN (1984) Projections to the frontal cortex from the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey. People who are into psychology and want to explore a . The action of writing represents a spatial, temporal and symbolic activity which imprints on the leaf surface a track with rhythms, pressures and energy of its own. However, in the evolutionary process of the person, handwriting also leads progressively to a maturation modulating and modeling itself over time. In a meta-analytic review conducted by Neter and Ben-Shakhar it has been stressed the predictive value determined by the acquisition of informative, autobiographical and content data in comparison with a pure handwriting analysis that overlooks the evaluation of the content of the text [106]. In two groups of 40 persons, the first composed by successful manager and the second by volunteers, graphics samples have been analysed by three graphologists that succeeded to identify with accuracy the handwritings respectively belonging to the group of professionals and those of the control group. According to some investigation it turned out that in France 52% of assumptions had been made in this direction, to go down in the United Kingdom at 7%, in the Netherlands at 4%, in Germany and Norway at 2% [29]. In contrast, Ben-Shakhar et al. (2007) Graphology for the diagnosis of suicide attempts: a blind proof of principle controlled study. Although incidence and prevalence rates are difficult to establish, attention has been focused mostly on whether prevalence is increasing with time and on the relationship between the number of graphology and active working population (Figure 1) [2]. According to graphologist John Beck, former chair of the British Institute of Graphologists, graphology is all about interpreting the symbols that appear in handwriting, in order to understand the psychological makeup of that person.. In the period of Imperial Rome, Suetonius believed that to understand the character of Augustus it would have been useful to get information from the study of his handwriting. This area is usually referred to Exners area that is located within a small area along the lateral convexity of the left frontal lobe and it is identified as a major writing center [90, 93]. Graphology finds possibility of application in various areas such as orientation to the study, personnel selection, calligraphic expertise, handwriting effect in conditions affecting the neuromuscular system. The traditional screening methods are not able to tell you about a person's hidden attributes. The concept of archetype is configured for Jung as something very similar to instinct: a preformed disposition to react to certain stimuli would structure more than acting, the unconscious imagining through the use of perception, of conscious imagination and from the Personal Unconscious thus giving rise to the symbolic images of the dream or to each psychic state where the control of consciousness has failed [11]. In the results, the evidence concerning the first and second groups showed a reduction in heart rate and an increase in body temperature compared to the baseline measurements. In substance, it has been produced an assimilation between procedures concerning the personality evaluation and ranging from graphology to astrology, numerology up to include alternative forms of medicine such as osteopathy and acupuncture. correspond pursuant to the graphologists to specific personality traits, cognitive styles and emotional states. The data emerging from the study showed significant differences for markers of depression among patients affected by depressive disorder and the control group. +1(302)440-8385, Registered Office EU: Cambridge University Press 205-232. The findings from these studies, along with those mainly provided by clinical literature examining correlations between lesions and deficits, have promoted important insights into the neurobiology of writing activities. First of all, it is necessary to collect a handwriting sample with the largest number of alphabetical letters including a span of words ranging from 5 to 100, written using a pen on a white leaf that is devoid of graphs and lines. What is GRAPHOLOGY? ii) The superior parietal lobule (SPL) is critical in guiding the movement of the body in the space, it has been linked with visuospatial and visuomotor neural processes and it is associated with the execution of writing [79-82]. It has been reported significant evidence for positive characteristics related to persistence and attention. The best-known pseudo psychologies all make the unfounded suggestion that various external events or characteristics can affect or determine personality. (2009) The graphemic/motor frontal area Exners area revisited. (2007) Parietal Dysgraphia: Characterization of Abnormal Writing Stroke Sequences, Character Formation and Character Recall. New. The Collective Unconscious for Jung is universal, contains mythological, fantastic images, customs, traditions of past and present peoples. The four fundamental functions described by Jung regarding to the orientation of man in reality represented psychologic typologies detectable by handwriting analysis; the rational ones that include thought and feeling play an antagonistic action between them, the irrational ones are constituted by sensation and intuition, also like the other they are opposed and alternative [9]. The patients presented a breakdown in their ability to control and regulate their handwriting movements compared to the control group ant these outcomes represented implications for the school-aged child who were constantly involved in handwriting tasks within the classroom environment. At a deeper level of the Collective Unconscious there are the images of the Anima and the Animus, expressions derived from the dual feminine and masculine nature of the human being. [7] In the second half of the nineteenth century, between 1806 and 1881, in France, the Abb Jean-Hippolyte Michon coined the term graphology catalogued as a series of recurrent graphic signs and empirically linked to specific aspects of the character. Churchill Livingstone. Anderson N, Witvliet C (2008) Fairness Reactions to Personnel Selection Methods: An international comparison between the Netherlands, the United States, France, Spain, Portugal, and Singapore. Lindeman M (1998) Motivation, cognition and pseudoscience. He devoted himself to the study of the Unconscious throughout his entire psychological research, referring to the personal Unconscious as a set of all those things that have been forgotten and subliminally perceived and that do not reach consciousness to its inability to contain them all [10]. Graphology is the analysis of handwriting with attempt to determine someone's personality traits. Nezos R (1992) Graphology. Therefore, writing is a process that requires the integration of visual, proprioceptive (kinesthetic and haptic) and tactile functions for it to be completed [58]. In Lindeman opinion, confirmation bias would be ascribable to the so-called Barnum effect, with regard to which people would believe in horoscopes as such under the awning of the Phineas Taylor Barnums famous circus live together so many different characters and numbers that everyone can find something fun, through the paradigm of Barnum effect it has been then explained the reason for the success of the circus [118, 120-123]. Allport GW, Vernon PE (1933) Studies in expressive movement. The writing is, of course, less qualified, less elaborate, but to the skilled eye is exactly the same and shows the same characteristics, the same details and the same trends of the person that has been object of specific interest and expertise from graphology [101]. The present paper highlights the historical and methodological approaches of graphology and its usefulness in human knowledge in order to give a glimpse of the complexity of this discipline. assessment center praxis der personalpsychologie band 3. the James KH, Gauthier I (2006) Letter processing automatically recruits a sensory-motor brain network. Among those who do not consider graphology a scientific discipline, Furnham referring to the book of Watson titled: A Dictionary of Mind and Body: Therapies, Techniques and Ideas in Alternative Medicine [116]. Some surveys indicate that it is rather rarely used outside of France, where estimates vary between 38% and 93% of organizations [31, 32]. Roux FE, Draper L, Kpke B, Dmonet JF (2010) Who actually read Exner? The results were in agreement with the increasing evidence that alterations of movement are a key feature of the risk of psychosis and that appear to be associated with a dysregulation of the dopaminergic fronto-striatal system since the literature reports that patients with Parkinsons disease treated with dopamine agonists displayed a higher frequency of displacing movements of the pen and patients who suffer from schizophrenia not treated with neuroleptics showed abnormalities of movement [61-64]. In terms of micromovement, handwriting is described as a succession and combination of muscular elements, perceptual and motor hand-related, which apparently could be automated, as in handwriting it has been integrated sensory functions, such as cognitive and proprioceptive to be seen as a complex process [57, 58]. In 1991, a study conducted with the same intent did not seem to get anything of significant in the use of graphology on the evaluation of the aspects of personality [102]. Hines T (1988) Pseudoscience and the paranormal: A critical examination of the evidence. Also called hand writing analysis. (2019) The effect of task complexity on handwriting kinetics. In this regard, we consider essential, in the debate on the function and meaning of graphology, the considerations offered by Paola Urbani in the book Process to graphology. To judge the validity of a disputed will is complex; however, a major problem is to estimate the state of the mental faculties of the testator at the time of the intentions expressed. Archetypal traces can also be found in myths, folklore, fairy tales and religious traditions, and some archetypes have undergone an evolution such as to constitute themselves as distinct psychic instances: the Person, the Shadow, the Animus and the Anima. Nevertheless, for Blinkhorn handwriting represents a part of the self-presentation, excluding the relationship between the elements of the formation of a letter, the size, direction and continuity of the letters of handwriting and individual characteristics. It reveals how a person feels, thinks, and behaves. Gimenez P, Bugescu N, Black JM, Hancock R, Pugh K et al. To this process can be add items related to patterns and processes of thought, defensive and emotional aspects of the mind. . Completely disagree with Frank, Driver et al. In addition, Ward found that the graphotherapy realized through written exercises could exert a positive effect on insomnia of adults favoring a more positive state of mind if repeated over a period of three weeks. recognizing to graphology an interest of modest proportions, ascertained common evidence among the findings from some graphological studies and deductible instead in his opinion even from simple impressions deduced by nave in graphology placed in front of the same writings [105].
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