WebMode and Order of Examining Witnesses and Presenting Evidence. 0000001496 00000 n Locating the exception at this place in the scheme of the rules is a matter of choice. 96 0 obj<>stream Sustaining admissibility are such cases as United States v. Dumas, 149 U.S. 278, 13 S.Ct. Absence of routineness raises lack of motivation to be accurate. If the report is offered by the party at whose instance it was made, however, it has been held inadmissible, Yates v. Bair Transport, Inc., 249 F.Supp. 1942). The Committee understands that the choice of a cut-off date has a degree of arbitrariness. Vicksburg & Meridian R.R. It is appropriate to impose this burden on opponent, as the basic admissibility requirements are sufficient to establish a presumption that the record is reliable. This notice must be given sufficiently in advance of the trial or hearing to provide any adverse party with a fair opportunity to prepare to contest the use of the statement. Id. The principal controversy attending the exception has centered, not upon the propriety of the exception itself, but upon the question whether a preliminary requirement of impaired memory on the part of the witness should be imposed. 7 U.S.C. Id. These guides may be used for educational purposes, as long as proper credit is given. While the opinion mentions the motivation of the engineer only obliquely, the emphasis on records of routine operations is significant only by virtue of impact on motivation to be accurate. %PDF-1.4 % Witnesses Article VII. 1605. 1, 161 S.W.2d 474 (1942); and cases cited in McCormick 273, p. 585, n. 4. 183 (1967); Uniform Rule 63(31); Kansas Code of Civil Procedure 60460(ce), but the great weight of authority has been that learned treatises are not admissible as substantive evidence though usable in the cross-examination of experts. 0000003743 00000 n Exceptions (19), (20), and (21). 210, 212 (1887). Webversion of Rule 26(b)(1)defines the scope of discovery as nonprivileged matter that is any relevant to any partys claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case -- and Finally, the defamation claim by Carroll being heard in the same case as the rape allegations put Trump in a particularly difficult posture. Relevant Evidence For evidence to be 7 Wigmore 2145a. 350 (1957). Records of vital statistics are commonly the subject of particular statutes making them admissible in evidence. (12) Certificates of Marriage, Baptism, and Similar Ceremonies. The guide is designed as a cheat sheet you can add The rule includes situations in which absence of a record may itself be the ultimate focal point of inquiry, e.g. 0000000616 00000 n The contents of Rule 803(24) and Rule 804(b)(5) have been combined and transferred to a new Rule 807. This problem is solved, seemingly in all jurisdictions, by qualifying for recording only those documents shown by a specified procedure, either acknowledgement or a form of probate, to have been executed and delivered. [See Nev. Rev. But it is now fairly commonly accepted that sexual assault survivors suppress the experience so Tacopinas argument that silence equals lying is likely not going to get much traction. No changes were made after publication and comment. The exception deals only with the hearsay aspect of this kind of evidence. 28 U.S.C. 0000002751 00000 n endstream endobj 95 0 obj<>/Size 72/Type/XRef>>stream Performing this action will revert the following features to their default settings: Hooray! Rule 406 HABIT OR ROUTINE is admissible to prove action in conformity therewith. Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable , Rule 803. These evidence rules are based on the National High School Mock Trial Rules of Evidence, which in turn are based on the Federal Rules of Evidence, and its numbering system. 5 Wigmore 1488. The formulation of specific terms which would assure satisfactory results in all cases is not possible. GAP Report on Rule 803. 196 (1933); Maguire, The Hillmon CaseThirty-three Years After, 38 Harv.L.Rev. 1972)]. 289 (E.D.Pa. We disagree. McCormick 281, 286, 287; Laughlin, Business Entries and the Like, 46 Iowa L.Rev. The rule should also be interpreted to cover other situations involving multiple participants, e.g., employer dictating to secretary, secretary making memorandum at direction of employer, or information being passed along a chain of persons, as in Curtis v. Bradley [ 65 Conn. 99, 31 Atl. %%EOF 1573, p. 429, referring to recitals in ancient deeds as a limited hearsay exception. The relevant point is the date on which the information is recorded, not when the information is prepared for trial. (23) Judgments Involving Personal, Family, or General History, or a Boundary. Model Code Rule 514 and Uniform Rule 63(13) did likewise. The theory finds vast support in the many exceptions to the hearsay rule developed by the common law in which unavailability of the declarant is not a relevant factor. But see North River Ins. McCormick 287, p. 604. The shift appears to be correct, since the process of inquiry, sifting, and scrutiny which is relied upon to render reputation reliable is present in perhaps greater measure in the process of litigation. See cases in 6 Wigmore 1750; Annot., 53 A.L.R.2d 1245 (statements as to cause of or responsibility for motor vehicle accident); Annot., 4 A.L.R.3d 149 (accusatory statements by homicide victims). This is not a comprehensive list of sources. But the E. Jean Carroll case against Trump is looks like the beginning of a bad roll for Trump. A statement contained in a document that purports to establish or affect an interest in property if the matter stated was relevant to the documents purpose unless later dealings with the property are inconsistent with the truth of the statement or the purport of the document. Cheat Sheet; Obsessed; Politics; of other victims of Trumps alleged sexual predation that Carrolls attorneys will be allowed to present under a federal rule of Thus what may appear in the rule, at first glance, as endowing the record with an effect independently of local law and inviting difficulties of an Erie nature under Cities Service Oil Co. v. Dunlap, 308 U.S. 208, 60 S.Ct. 0 With respect to the time element, Exception [paragraph] (1) recognizes that in many, if not most, instances precise contemporaneity is not possible, and hence a slight lapse is allowable. Moreover, a good deal of old information in hardcopy has been digitized or will be so in the future. Thus a deed purporting to have been executed by an attorney in fact may recite the existence of the power of attorney, or a deed may recite that the grantors are all the heirs of the last record owner. t A determination of untrustworthiness necessarily depends on the circumstances. While Wigmore's text is narrowly oriented to lists, etc., prepared for the use of a trade or profession, 6 Wigmore 1702, authorities are cited which include other kinds of publications, for example, newspaper market reports, telephone directories, and city directories. The age of the document is of no significance, though in practical application the document will most often be an ancient one. Various kinds of evaluative reports are admissible under federal statutes: 7 U.S.C. In the state courts, the trend favors admissibility. 443 (1935); State v. Axilrod, 248 Minn. 204, 79 N.W.2d 677 (1956); Mass.Stat. 15 U.S.C. 0000006229 00000 n We consider this principle to be applicable to all the hearsay rules. The present exception is a duplication to the extent that it deals with a certificate by a public official, as in the case of a judge who performs a marriage ceremony. 2, 1987, eff. endstream endobj startxref 805; Mar. 366 (W.D.Mo. Cf. Notes of Committee on the Judiciary, Senate Report No. 0000000016 00000 n the weather. WebRULES OF EVIDENCE CHEAT SHEET (Please refer to Simplified Rules of Evidence section for the complete rule) Rules 402 and 403 RELEVANT EVIDENCE is generally Exception (10). RULES OF EVIDENCE CHEAT SHEET (Please refer to Simplified Rules of Evidence section for the complete rule) Rules 402 and 403 RELEVANT EVIDENCE is generally admissible unless it is unfairly prejudicial, may confuse the issue, or waste the courts time. (1973 Supp.) Plea discussion, statement has been admitted and the statement, CHARACTER EVIDENCE is generally not admissible to prove, Evidence of COMPROMISE OR OFFERS TO COMPROMISE are not, PAYMENT OF MEDICAL OR SIMILAR EXPENSES is not admissible to, at dont result in guilty plea (or plea is, statements are admissible if another such, Michigan Rules of Evidence Table of Contents, Using Leading Questions During Direct Examination, Rule Against Impeaching One's Own Witness: a Reconsideration, The, The Perils of Calling Your Opponent As a Witness in Your Case, Hostile Witnesses and Evidentiary Value of Their Testimony, Unavailability Requirement for Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule, The, Minnesota Rules of Evidence Effective July 1, 1977 with Amendments Effective Through September 1, 2006, Civil Trial: What to Expect As a Self-Represent Plaintiff Or Defendant. Obviously there are no pat answers and the character of the transaction or event will largely determine the significance of the time factor. Slough, Spontaneous Statements and State of Mind, 46 Iowa L.Rev. It is intended that the residual hearsay exceptions will be used very rarely, an only in exceptional circumstances. The committee accepts the House amendment with the understanding and belief that it was not intended to narrow the scope of applicability of the rule. In view of the unlikelihood that false information would be furnished on occasions of this kind, the rule contains no requirement that the informant be in the course of the activity. See Committee Note to Rule 901(b)(8) ("Any time period selected is bound to be arbitrary."). WebTrial and Evidence Guides for Trial Lawyers The guides are designed to provide quick reference to procedure and evidence rules during the fast pace of trials. 1965); Annot., 69 A.L.R.2d 1148. 1940), cert. Rule 408 Evidence of COMPROMISE OR OFFERS TO COMPROMISE are not admissible to prove liability, invalidity of claim, or value of claim. Others no doubt could be added. 0000002638 00000 n 1284(b), proof of absence of alien crewman's name from outgoing manifest prima facie evidence of failure to detain or deport, and 42 U.S.C. 506. The Committee carefully considered, but ultimately rejected, an amendment that would preserve the ancient documents exception for hardcopy evidence only. 118, 30 L.Ed. 0000008346 00000 n 286 (1950); 50 Colum.L.Rev. 1958). A statement of the declarants then-existing state of mind (such as motive, intent, or plan) or emotional, sensory, or physical condition (such as mental feeling, pain, or bodily health), but not including a statement of memory or belief to prove the fact remembered or believed unless it relates to the validity or terms of the declarants will. The theory of Exception [paragraph] (2) is simply that circumstances may produce a condition of excitement which temporarily stills the capacity of reflection and produces utterances free of conscious fabrication. endstream endobj 73 0 obj<>/Metadata 9 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 8 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/OCProperties<>/StructTreeRoot 11 0 R/Type/Catalog/Lang(EN-US)/LastModified(D:20071109125143)/PageLabels 6 0 R>> endobj 74 0 obj<>/PageElement<>>>/Name(HeaderFooter)/Type/OCG>> endobj 75 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 76 0 obj<> endobj 77 0 obj<> endobj 78 0 obj<> endobj 79 0 obj<>stream The limitation upon receiving the publication itself physically in evidence, contained in the last sentence, is designed to further this policy. Statements to hospital attendants, ambulance drivers, or even members of the family might be included. c. 233 21A; 5 Wigmore 1616. Amplification of the kinds of activities producing admissible records has given rise to problems which conventional business records by their nature avoid. The disagreement among the decisions has been due in part, no doubt, to the variety of situations encountered, as well as to differences in principle. The most significant practical difference will lie in the time lapse allowable between event and statement. This guide covers important sources for finding federal court rules as well asmaterials that help in the interpretation of those rules (i.e., federal rules' legislative history, cases interpreting federal rules, secondary sources) andfederal procedural forms. In their areas of primary emphasis on witnesses to be called and the general admissibility of ordinary business and commercial records, the Commonwealth Fund Act and the Uniform Act appear to have worked well. However, both the business record doctrine and Exception [paragraph] (6) require that the person furnishing the information be one in the business or activity. Rule 802. 388 (1895), Pension Office records. (Lexis) Provides the text of the rules, advisory committee notes, case annotations, and cross references to secondary sources such as law review articles, The House bill provides in subsection (6) that records of a regularly conducted business activity qualify for admission into evidence as an exception to the hearsay rule. Further relaxation dispenses with reliance but requires recognition as an authority by the witness, developable on cross-examination. Accordingly, the committee has amended rule 803(8) to refer to the provision of [proposed] rule 804(b)(5) [deleted], which allows the admission of such reports, records or other statements where the police officer or other law enforcement officer is unavailable because of death, then existing physical or mental illness or infirmity, or not being successfully subject to legal process. 1959); and see N.L.R.B. 204803(6); West's Wis. Stats. 1944); (4) possible motivation problems suggested by Palmer v. Hoffman, 318 U.S. 109, 63 S.Ct. Uniform Rule 63(14), Comment. We disagree with the total rejection of a residual hearsay exception. 432 (1928), it finds support in cases without number. Nevertheless, on occasion the only evidence may be the content of the statement itself, and rulings that it may be sufficient are described as increasing, Slough, supra at 246, and as the prevailing practice, McCormick 272, p. 579. Dabroe v. Rhodes Co., supra. The amendment maintains consistency with the proposed amendment to the trustworthiness clause of Rule 803(6). Sources of information presented no substantial problem with ordinary business records. hb```BJ eaf?E!0VkK[0i#j?f(kLT}FsCF A hearsay exception for recorded recollection is generally recognized and has been described as having long been favored by the federal and practically all the state courts that have had occasion to decide the question. United States v. Kelly, 349 F.2d 720, 770 (2d Cir. It is these examinations which will normally be admitted under this exception. Moreover, the rule avoids the unreality of admitting evidence for the purpose of impeachment only, with an instruction to the jury not to consider it otherwise. WebRule 801. 1961) illustrates the point. denied 311 U.S. 706, 61 S.Ct. In order to establish a well-defined jurisprudence, the special facts and circumstances which, in the court's judgment, indicates that the statement has a sufficiently high degree of trustworthiness and necessity to justify its admission should be stated on the record. Contra, In re Estate of Cunha, 49 Haw. (1973 Supp.) denied 342 U.S. 868, 72 S.Ct. 677, 285 S.W.2d 663, 55 A.L.R.2d 1022 (1956); People v. Kohlmeyer, 284 N.Y. 366, 31 N.E.2d 490 (1940); Weis v. Weis, 147 Ohio St. 416, 72 N.E.2d 245 (1947). Uniform Vital Statistics Act, 9C U.L.A. %PDF-1.6 % hbbd```b``n `6fe[A$d 591 (1894); see, also Rathbun v. Brancatella, 93 N.J.L. Marriage is universally conceded to be a proper subject of proof by evidence of reputation in the community. The leading case, Johnson v. Lutz, 253 N.Y. 124, 170 N.E. 1965), since the report was oriented in a direction other than the litigation which ensued. See McCormick 265, 268. Webthe evidence, by mailing it by certified mail, return receipt, not less than ten days before the introduction of the evidence; and 3) The proponent files an affidavit of such notice and the 889 (1919). See Uniform Rule 63(29), Comment. 1967). For example, schools, churches, and hospitals will not normally be considered businesses within the definition. The Committee intends that the phrase factual findings be strictly construed and that evaluations or opinions contained in public reports shall not be admissible under this Rule. Inferences, prima facie evidence, and presumption Article IV. 26, 2011, eff. (10) Absence of a Public Record. Dec. 1, 2013; Apr. Cf. denied 187 F.2d 234, Certificate of Settlement of General Accounting Office showing indebtedness and letter from Army official stating Government had performed, in action on contract to purchase and remove waste food from Army camp; Moran v. Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Co., 183 F.2d 467 (3d Cir. WebFederal Rules Of Evidence Cheat Sheet The World Unmask'd - Mar 17 2020 Cheating on Tests - May 11 2022 Cheating on Tests is the first book to offer a comprehensive look at Stats. 0000001459 00000 n (C) accurately reflects the witnesss knowledge. Store and/or access information on a device. 0000000016 00000 n This point, however, is just a dog-whistle to the idea that sexual assault victims cannot be believed if they did not fight backa misogynistic viewpoint that will seem exactly that to a jury. Moreover, some courts hold you have no right to appeal a failure to give such an instruction unless you requested and were refused the instruction. Web1) Opinion evidence is anything based around what the testifying witness believes or can infer utilizing the facts that are in dispute. Since most of these items are significant evidentially only insofar as they are assertive, their admission in evidence must be as a hearsay exception. 15.135; N. Mex. The House bill eliminated a similar, but broader, provision because of the conviction that such a provision injected too much uncertainty into the law of evidence regarding hearsay and impaired the ability of a litigant to prepare adequately for trial. Rule 612. 1945); Weather Bureau records of rainfall; United States v. Meyer, 113 F.2d 387 (7th Cir. 66, 147 F.2d 297 (1945); Lyles v. United States, 103 U.S.App.D.C. Rule 803 defines when hearsay statements are admissible in evidence even though the declarant is available as a witness. However, the Committee intends that the Rule be construed to limit the doctrine of Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Hillmon, 145 U.S. 285, 295 300 (1892), so as to render statements of intent by a declarant admissible only to prove his future conduct, not the future conduct of another person. denied 356 U.S. 975, 78 S.Ct. The most restrictive position is that the witness must have stated expressly on direct his reliance upon the treatise. ), Subchapter IX - Post-TrialProcedureand Review of Courts-Martial, 2015 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial, Rules of each of the Courts of Appeals can be found with the, To find the rules of a federal district or bankruptcycourt, visitthe, Rules of the Courts of Appeals can be found in, To find the rules of a federal district or bankruptcy court from the main page, select the "State" tab (in theExplore Content box), choose your state, and clickthe Table of Contents icon (. 3500. Morgan, Basic Problems of Evidence 364 (1962), but see id. 1360(d), certificate of Attorney General or other designated officer that no record of Immigration and Naturalization Service of specified nature or entry therein is found, admissible in alien cases. 1939; Pub. Credibility determinations are a particularly important factor in such cases and a big part of that is the demeanor of parties both on and off the stand. 0000001926 00000 n A reputation among a persons family by blood, adoption, or marriage or among a persons associates or in the community concerning the persons birth, adoption, legitimacy, ancestry, marriage, divorce, death, relationship by blood, adoption, or marriage, or similar facts of personal or family history. 203 0 obj <>stream A record or statement of a public office if: (ii) a matter observed while under a legal duty to report, but not including, in a criminal case, a matter observed by law-enforcement personnel; or, (iii) in a civil case or against the government in a criminal case, factual findings from a legally authorized investigation; and. The term is borrowed from revised Rule 34(a) of the Rules of Civil Procedure. 0000002656 00000 n 659 (E.D.Pa.1958), report by Immigration and Naturalization Service investigator that petitioner was known in community as wife of man to whom she was not married. The committee, however, also agrees with those supporters of the House version who felt that an overly broad residual hearsay exception could emasculate the hearsay rule and the recognized exceptions or vitiate the rationale behind codification of the rules. The present rule is a synthesis of them, with revision where modern developments and conditions are believed to make that course appropriate. WebWhen evidence is admitted for a limited purpose, ask for a limiting instruction. It may appear from his statement or be inferable from circumstances. 0000378127 00000 n Entries in the form of opinions were not encountered in traditional business records in view of the purely factual nature of the items recorded, but they are now commonly encountered with respect to medical diagnoses, prognoses, and test results, as well as occasionally in other areas. 0000001532 00000 n A complete list of all evidentiary objections and related supports in D.C. and Federal law is beyond the scope of this chart, which includes common objections and a startxref Yet hesitation must be experienced in admitting everything which is observed and recorded in the course of a regularly conducted activity. 108, 96 L.Ed. ), U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces Rules of Practice and Procedure, Subchapter IX - Post-Trial Procedure and Review of Courts-Martial, Courts of Criminal Appeals Rules of Practice and Procedure (32 CFR Part 150), Courts of Criminal Appeals (USC Title 10 App. 1962); Cook v. Celebrezze, 217 F.Supp. While probably not hearsay as defined in Rule 801, supra, decisions may be found which class the evidence not only as hearsay but also as not within any exception. hb```Vl``0p\ rd0X3c`dY=A"@@QHa 3P?1c@An( 3H -#^ Dispositive documents often contain recitals of fact. d! C(Q,3%.23r``PhurFw4LU`\ZYl})B. 1962); Taylor v. Baltimore & O. R. Co., 344 F.2d 281 (2d Cir. admissible to prove liability, invalidity of claim, or similar, proceedings, and plea discussions th, withdrawn), are not admissible. Anno. They are always a roll of the dice for both sides. 1948); Gordon v. Robinson, 210 F.2d 192 (3d Cir. 0000004334 00000 n (2) Excited Utterance. denied 373 U.S. 944, 83 S.Ct. 0000003735 00000 n The amendments are technical. (24) [Transferred to Rule 807] Rule 901. Quick, Hearsay, Excitement, Necessity and the Uniform Rules: A Reappraisal of Rule 63(4), 6 Wayne L.Rev. While this might suggest a broader area of application, the affinity to reputation is strong, and paragraph [paragraph] (23) goes no further, not even including character. Hence the rule, as in Exception [paragraph] (6), assumes admissibility in the first instance but with ample provision for escape if sufficient negative factors are present. It is the understanding of the committee that the use of the phrase person with knowledge is not intended to imply that the party seeking to introduce the memorandum, report, record, or data compilation must be able to produce, or even identify, the specific individual upon whose first-hand knowledge the memorandum, report, record or data compilation was based. Plea discussion statements are admissible if another such statement has been admitted and the statement ought to be considered with it, or in a criminal perjury proceeding. 110, 94 L.Ed. Dec. 1, 1997; Apr. Matthews v. United States, 217 F.2d 409 (5th Cir. All seem to be susceptible to being the subject of well founded repute. This was done to facilitate additions to Rules 803 and 804. In view of its action on [proposed] Rule 804(b)(5) (Criminal law enforcement records and reports) [deleted], the Conference does not adopt the Senate amendment and restores the bill to the House version. No change in meaning is intended. Rules 402/403. 42 Iowa L.Rev. Chesapeake & Delaware Canal Co. v. United States, 250 U.S. 123, 39 S.Ct. Notes of Advisory Committee on Rules1987 Amendment. 4245, certificate of Director of Prisons that convicted person has been examined and found probably incompetent at time of trial prima facie evidence in court hearing on competency; 42 U.S.C. But January 1, 1998 is a rational date for treating concerns about old and unreliable ESI. measures (if controverted), or for impeachment. HSn@W%He'`)MQcV_bknx3!OkCbcp0a1A?I0(8fZ23FR`{60POnF0g-20L /$7$C[,Q B3%\c~/N%9@g yQ;dqRPl3 j[t]TB/kW9[,*{I0)T$+m3[4P-a 0000000876 00000 n P. Click the card to flip . For comparable provisions see Uniform Rule 63(26), (27)(c); California Evidence Code 1313, 1314; Kansas Code of Civil Procedure 60460(x), (y)(3); New Jersey Evidence Rule 63(26), (27)(c). As pointed out in McCormick 298, danger of mistake is minimized by authentication requirements, and age affords assurance that the writing antedates the present controversy. 1956), Status Reports offered to justify delay in processing passport applications. (9) Public Records of Vital Statistics. The Committee is aware that in certain casessuch as cases involving latent diseases and environmental damageparties must rely on hardcopy documents from the past. 78, findings of Secretary of Agriculture prima facie evidence of true grade of grain; 7 U.S.C. Rule 803(3) was approved in the form submitted by the Court to Congress. 1954). Records of activities of religious organizations are currently recognized as admissible at least to the extent of the business records exception to the hearsay rule, 5 Wigmore 1523, p. 371, and Exception [paragraph] (6) would be applicable. The Committee believed there were insufficient guarantees of reliability in records made in the course of activities falling outside the scope of business activities as that term is broadly defined in 28 U.S.C. The exceptions are phrased in terms of nonapplication of the hearsay rule, rather than in positive terms of admissibility, in order to repel any implication that other possible grounds for exclusion are eliminated from consideration. The result is a tendency unduly to emphasize a requirement of routineness and repetitiveness and an insistence that other types of records be squeezed into the fact patterns which give rise to traditional business records. Jury trials are impossible to accurately predict even for the most seasoned litigators. 195 (1932), it seems safe to assume that the jury will give it substantial effect unless defendant offers a satisfactory explanation, a possibility not foreclosed by the provision. In order to set the question at rest in favor of admissibility, it is specifically treated here. The ancient documents exception to the rule against hearsay has been limited to statements in documents prepared before January 1, 1998. People v. Reeves, 360 Ill. 55, 195 N.E. xref The result is such decisions as Daily v. Grand Lodge, 311 Ill. 184, 142 N.E. 279 (1919), is entirely consistent with the exception. The former position is believed to be the correct one in reason and authority. hb```b`` @1V3%=``I@`RyX)s=&5n8(#J: 1%4Ln.bF^D4pe,LmLLLLLLL0gZ'a+PscAbC b`R7 0 endstream endobj 12 0 obj <> endobj 13 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 14 0 obj <> endobj 15 0 obj <> endobj 16 0 obj <> endobj 17 0 obj <> endobj 18 0 obj <>stream