Instead of exploding, it sputters and fumes and splits into pieces and generally makes a mess. These complications have been sidestepped by convention. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Approximate yield of the last eruption of the. The neutrinos will carry away a fraction of the energy but the rest will heat the vicinity into a fireball. Check what you could have accomplished if you get out of your social media bubble. The stand-off distance is: The Hopkinson-Cranz equation is useful for estimating safety distances for explosives. It's exactly the same as matter, except all the electrical charges of its component parts are reversed. You can maybe kill everyone with less antimatter if you settled for giving everyone cancer instead. This is generally ignoring the radiation effect of all the gamma rays, that might change the maths. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Given that 1 ton is equal to 2240 pounds or 1016.046909 kg we should be able to scale up the explosive yield simply. He also rips off an arm to use as a sword. The gammas then scatter of air molecules, transferring the energy into heat. $3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1} * 200K=7.31310^{20} kJ$. Shock waves If you want to kill all humans on earth, you have a couple of options: According to this person 57 trillion annihilations at 30 cm gives you 1 rad of radiation. ", "La Garita Mountains grew from volcanic explosions 35 million years ago", "The thought experiment: What would happen if the supervolcano under Yellowstone erupted? This bomb was only 50 megatons. The relative effectiveness factor (RE factor) relates an explosive's demolition power to that of TNT, in units of the TNT equivalent/kg (TNTe/kg). The energy contained in one megaton of TNT (4.2PJ) is enough to power the average American household for 103,000 years. What's happening is that the heat produce by the initial reaction with the surface of the chunk of sodium boils the water around it and drastically slows down the reaction. This one bullet would be equivalent to 378 grams of TNT, which is more powerful than a modern grenade. Bananas are made out of potassium-40 which produces positrons as it decays. Frank Close, a particle physicist at the University of Oxford, points out the time problem, too. Scientists estimate creating and storing a gram of antimatter would cost in excess of a million billion dollars and require about 25 million billion kilowatt-hours of energy. I mean, in Star Trek, they use Matter/Antimatter reactions to power their starships, it's pretty powerful. Actually, its even worse than that, because matter and antimatter particles annihilate one another whenever they come into contact! Professor Doser and his colleagues need anti-protons. But this result isnt bizarre at allits simply a confirmation of earlier, but less precise, measurements of the antiprotons magnetic moment. The pressure decays exponentially over time and has positive and negative (suction) phases. This enables engineers to determine the proper masses of different explosives when applying blasting formulas developed specifically for TNT. [3], As of 2004[update], the cost of producing one millionth of a gram of antimatter was estimated at US $60 billion. The NIAC is currently researching antimatter powered spaceships, and according to NASA it looks promising. rev2023.5.1.43405. We know from the show that they use Deuterium and Anti-Deuterium, so not a "complex" element compared to say, using Uranium and Anti-Uranium. This international scientific institution in Switzerland is home to the Large Hadron Collider, and it regularly exposes the hidden particles that make up our universe. An antimatter weapon is a theoretically possible device using antimatter as a power source, a propellant, or an explosive for a weapon. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. "We actually expect that the whole Universe since there was lots of energy around at the moment of the Big Bang should consist of equal amounts of matter and antimatter," Professor Doser says. Unfortunately that is rather slow, so a few humans will likely survive in bunkers you don't know about, for quite a long time. Then her family intervened, Celebrities arrive at the Met Gala for fashion's biggest night, A year ago, this Australian couple fled Ukraine with their three cats. And that means no particles would remain to eventually become people, stars, and galaxies. Which means we shouldnt exist, physicists are still unsure as to why were around. And yet, there is very little antimatter in the universeso its been a known problem for many years. What Is Antimatter? So if correct the answer would answer question number 3, but questions number 1 and 2 are left unanswered. One news report called the results of this experiment bizarre, illustrating the manner in which Big Bang thinking often taints the coverage of science reporting. So to kill all humans you need 406,900 kg of antimatter. So far, so good. MathJax reference. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Q3 is very hard to answer you need to completely overwhelm the gravitational pull of earth so only terraforming don't qualify for millions of pieces. Sufficiently big detonations can presumably force a bit of fusion, but it is unlikely to be self-sustaining on its own without confinement. The blast radius becomes a critical parameter in such scenarios. This amazing device creates a region of space where the magnetic field gets larger in all directions. Well, in theory if you mix one gram of matter with one gram of antimatter you should get 1.810 14 joules of energy or about 43 kilotons. If the null hypothesis is never really true, is there a point to using a statistical test without a priori power analysis? I have no idea how to get that in an antimatter bomb, because of the fizzle problem noted above. Squared it is 89,875,517,900,000,000 or about 9.010 16. For more information, please see our Would matter-antimatter annihilation create a fireball or not? What's the cheapest way to buy out a sibling's share of our parents house if I have no cash and want to pay less than the appraised value? What positional accuracy (ie, arc seconds) is necessary to view Saturn, Uranus, beyond? Physics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for active researchers, academics and students of physics. "One 100th of a nanogram [of antimatter]costs as much as one kilogram of gold," he says. $<< 10^{32}J$ (gravitational binding energy of Earth), We must use an even bigger bomb. After a bit of number crunching that means agram of antiprotonantimatter would cost an absurd 5 quadrillion euros. But why do so many Christians still claim that God used the Big Bang to create the universe, especially when this scientifically bankrupt speculation contradicts the Genesis creation account in so many ways?5 The Big Bang is, and always has been, unsupported speculation. By Snell's law, determine the incident angle by using our angle of incidence calculator. The opposite to Worldbuilding: World Destruction, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. Note It is convention to use ton compared to short ton, net ton American or tonne (1000 kilogrammes.) Antimatter was successfully stored for the first time in 2010. Take a proton (a charged subatomic particle) 2. The results of this latest experiment show that a property of the antiproton (called its magnetic moment) is identical in magnitude to the magnetic moment of its proton counterpart to within a precision of just a couple of parts per billion. The word "antimatter" is not even mentioned anywhere in your question. It actually produces one about every one hour and fifteen minutes. At least when you think in other literature, something that could fit in your hand could destroy literally an entire country. The team hasn't found any other meaningful differences between matter and antimatter. The recipethey use at CERN's Antimatter Factory to achieve this feat is: One in every million collisions creates a proton-antiproton pair. The damage done to the biosphere here is more due to pressure and heat than radioactivity. Professor Doser leads a team studying this strange, expensive, explosive stuffin the wonderfully named Antimatter Factory. It basically all reacts at once release an enormous amount if IR -- enough to melt any rock within sight -- followed by a blast wave. Unravelling this cosmic conundrum is what the researchers at CERN's Antimatter Factory are trying to do. Why refined oil is cheaper than cold press oil? The human body also releases antimatter. This would cause the entire Earth to explode and break into thousands of pieces. It's not them. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. thanks for the detailed answer! On the other hand, one milligram of 18F-FDG will contain on the order of 3x10^18 molecules. Supposing we had one antimatter bomb (it has to be detonated in one particular location, but it can be as big as necessary, even as big as an entire city), how much antimatter would we need in order to eradicate all animals on Earth? The ton of TNT is a unit of energy defined by that convention to be 4.184gigajoules (1gigacalorie),[1] which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (1,000 kilograms) of TNT. What are the arguments for/against anonymous authorship of the Gospels, Weighted sum of two random variables ranked by first order stochastic dominance. It only takes a minute to sign up. Check out 477 similar physics calculators, Social Media Time Alternatives Calculator. That gives you a nice $1,200 km^2$ blast incineration area. Would a kilogram of antimatter be equal to a 500kg bomb of conventional Heavy Exosives? Antimatter weapons are currently too costly and unreliable to be viable in warfare, as producing antimatter is enormously expensive (estimated at $6 billion for every 100 nanograms), the quantities of antimatter generated are very small, and current technology has great difficulty containing antimatter, which annihilates upon touching ordinary matter. How much energy would be released in a collision of planets of matter & antimatter? At least a trillion tons, probably an order of magnitude or so more when you account for noncentral location and dissipation loss. Ubuntu won't accept my choice of password. [7][8], An antimatter weapon is a part of the plot of the Dan Brown book Angels & Demons and its film adaptation, where it is used in a plot to blow up the Vatican City.[9][5]. When a bit of matter comes into contact with its evil antimatter twin, they cancel each other out, releasing all the energy stored inside them. Antimatter is one of the costliest materials in the world. This is one of the more common types of "TNT equivalence" and is the one used on USGS form 9-4040A. A blast wave unleashes a large amount of energy that causes changes in pressure and temperature along its path. Such weapons would easy eclipse nuclear weapons in power, e.g., 1 gram of antimatter would equal 23 space shuttle fuel tanks of energy. Now you can destroy all life on earth using only about 6E4 kg of antimatter, only 60 metric tons of the good stuff. The blast radius is merely an indicative number, and it is still UNSAFE to be anywhere close to the blast radius in a real-world scenario. If those are still fairly small numbers, how big would the Enterprise D exploding really be? Con: You need a lotta bombs. A quarter of a gram of antimatter threatens to unleash the power of 5,000 tons of TNT and destroy everything within a half-mile radius - or so goes the fictional story. How are engines numbered on Starship and Super Heavy? Those made at CERN amount to about 1 nanogram. Space Mechs or Tanks or Planes or Marines - Fighting in space without blowing up each other's starships. Some humans would probably survive this, though. $> 10^{32}J$. Pro: Clean blasts, little of that nasty radioactive slag. Did the Golden Gate Bridge 'flatten' under the weight of 300,000 people in 1987? Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Or would it be more like a conventional ~50kg artillery shell? The first is that the technology developed in CERN's Antimatter Factory has been appliedin medical imaging tools calledPET scanners. [4], Alternative values for TNT equivalency can be calculated according to which property is being compared and when in the two detonation processes the values are measured. You can also convert entire earth into energy but you have to look for antimatter earth to do it. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. The previous answer covered the bases fairly well for options 1 and 3. Lesser known is its role in studying the anti-particles of the Universe. The same technology could theoretically be used to make very small and possibly "fission-free" (very low nuclear fallout) weapons (see pure fusion weapon). ", "Beirut Explosion: What Happened in Lebanon and Everything Else You Need to Know", "Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media", "Seismic Experiments on the North German Explosions, 1946 to 1947", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, "Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Long Term Health Effects", "Kinetic Energy of Tornadoes in the United States", "Frequently Asked Questions Electricity", "Country Comparison:: Electricity consumption", "NOAA FAQ: How much energy does a hurricane release? 4. Let's shoot to heat up the atmosphere by 200K; there's no way anyone's surviving that. The antimatter we produce collides with matter and gets annihilated without us even noticing. The RE factor is the relative mass of TNT to which an explosive is equivalent: The greater the RE, the more powerful the explosive. This is becoming more and more obvious as time goes by. The problem you'll quickly run into is that the Earth is big. To create antimatter you just need to create matter. As we learned in real estate, location, location, location. Both humans and bananas only produce a tiny amount of antimatter, which is why we havent all been destroyed. When groups of people are asked to name the most expensive substance, the variety of answers is hilarious. 1 kg of antimatter = 53 megaton yield, 4000 kg antimatter = 212 billion ton TNT, $3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1} * 200K=7.31310^{20} kJ$. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Antimatter would do the same. Remove a chunk from a planet? For a period of time after the Big Bang there was only energy. The ablative engine, which slowly vaporizes itself to produce thrust, could go as high as 5,000 seconds. The cost of creating antimatter like this makes it the world's most expensive substance. Energy = You'll need a fair bit of antimatter, um, let's see 1 Mt is $4.1\times10^{15} J$ so the Tsar Bomba (in the tested config) at $42MT = 1.72 \times10^{17} J$ Multiplying by the mass of the atmosphere $M_{atm}=5.1*10^{18}$ gives us how much energy it takes to heat the atmosphere by 1 degree Kelvin, $C_v*M_{atm}=3.6567*10^{18}kJ*K^{-1}$. For that you can recreate the meteor that made the dinosaurs extinct (100 trillion tons of TNT) with about two tons of antimatter in one spot. Antimatter is one of the most unstable substances in the world. A merger of two black holes, resulting in the. Mathematically, the ratio of the weight of the explosives (W and W) is proportional to the ratio of the cube of range (R and R), i.e. They did it by creating a magnetic bottle called a Minimum Magnetic Field Trap. If you really need to do this on the cheap, a 400 km asteroid is really quite a bit of overkill and a 100 km asteroid is probably enough to kill all animal life big enough to be interesting to most people although it may not completely sterilize the earth, and your only need 1 metric ton to target earth. For an explosion of TNT equivalent mass, WWW and scaled distance, ZZZ. "Bananas are a perfect unit for antimatter production. In other words, antimatter planets, antimatter stars or antimatter galaxies could be a thing. Total solar output in all directions per day. It doesn't sound like it should be real, but "it does exist", says Professor Doser,a physicist who studies the properties of antimatterat CERN,the European Council for Nuclear Research. How many thermonuclear bombs needed to make a hole from the surface to the Mantle of a planet that is the same size as planet Earth? The worlds most powerful nuke ever created was the Tsar Bomba. The same process happens in the human body too, so we're all creating anti-electrons. How are engines numbered on Starship and Super Heavy? The height of the fireball was over seven times the height of Everest. To create antimatter you just need to create matter. But I don't know how to calculate that. We must use a bigger bomb. Embedded hyperlinks in a thesis or research paper. Given a pair of explosives, one can produce 2 the shockwave output (this depends on the distance of measuring instruments) but the difference in direct metal cutting ability may be 4 higher for one type of metal and 7 higher for another type of metal. "In the case of a chemical reaction, you're transforming only about a millionth of the mass of the object of the molecule into energy,"Professor Doser says. Calculating a single RE factor for an explosive is, however, impossible. We acknowledge Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as the First Australians and Traditional Custodians of the lands where we live, learn, and work. Embedded hyperlinks in a thesis or research paper. But even this is insanely expensive for only one bullet. A gram of antimatter could produce an explosion the size of a nuclear bomb. The scaling law is a convenient way to estimate the properties of a large explosion using the data from smaller explosions. Collisions between high-energy photons can result in a pair of matter/antimatter particles. However that would require a lot more than 10kg. The total energy output of the Sun per second. The team is called the ALPHA collaboration. So in this Big Bang scenario, particles and antiparticles would have been coming into existence and then annihilating one another in equal measure. This service may include material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, AAP, CNN and the BBC World Service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced. @Serban Tanasa: No, it's clearly not the same question. There's not really any point translating that to Australian dollars because it's absurd either way. This blast radius calculator helps you determine the distance for detonations, after which there would be no fragments. Such an asteroid would boil away the oceans and transform the atmosphere into one of steam and molten rock." The recipe they use at CERN's Antimatter Factory to achieve this feat is: 1. The problem lies in the efficiency and cost of antimatter production and storage. $10^{32}J$ is simply the gravitational binding energy of the planet. Estimated mass-energy of the observable universe. With about 100,000 ships out there, that's a lot of survivors. Approximately 10 grams of antiprotons would be enough fuel to send a manned spacecraft to Mars in one month. Antimatter annihilation from anti-hydrogen is surprisingly messy: it will not be pure gamma rays. [10], Such differences can be substantial. But because this claim is not based on any empirical science, its never been anything more than pure speculation. Different types of antimatter require different types of traps. This means that although equal amounts of matter and antimatter should have formed, they weren't quite equal, he adds. The team can create thousands of antihydrogen atoms in only a second but the trap barely catches any. The antimatter bomb would by far be the most powerful thing humans ever created. achieving the specified result. The Tsar Bomba is the worlds most powerful nuclear weapon it was developed by Russia and has the explosive force of all the explosives that went off during world war two times 10. 3.5 nanograms of antimatter would equal the amount of explosive in an average hand grenade with about an effective 15m blast/shrapnel radius. In other words, for each gram of TNT exploded, 4.184kilojoules (or 4,184 joules) of energy are released. So 1 mg 18F-FDG will produce about ~10^15 times as much annihilation energy as a single anti-proton (these are just rough estimates to get a feel for the magnitudes involved). There is such a thing as an antimatter trap. Which ability is most related to insanity: Wisdom, Charisma, Constitution, or Intelligence? It seems like 2, 200kg antimatter bombs, in short succession, dropped into the Yellowstone Caldera would be fairly certain to ignite a life ending volcanic eruption saving a trillion tons of antimatter, more or less. Taken shamelessly from my previous answer here. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Even on larger time scales, creating enough anti-matter to destroy the earth will still be very difficult without invoking the drop a rock strategy. Antimatter: how the worlds most expensive and explosive substance is made, Catch up with The Loop, your quick wrap of this morning's news. However, the mean free path is so short at ambient pressure that they will react before going far (doing it in the upper atmosphere might produce a much larger and fuzzier fireball). What if I had a gram? How does that last equation (rolled back for the time being; see revision history) work out? To some degree this is just like a normal nuclear explosion of the same yield. Is it possible to transform energy stored in anti-matter into coherent radiation? Except the isochoric heat capacity of earth atmosphere is $C_v=.717kJ*kg^{-1}*K^{-1}$. 2014 The Institute of Makers of Explosives. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Catch up with The Loop, Jock Zonfrillo remembered as an 'incredible chef' and influential member of Australia's culinary landscape, 'Until we meet in heaven': Maryborough community comes to grips with triple fatality as loved ones remembered, Perfect storm brewing for housing market and it could make buying your own home a pipedream, Reserve Bank tipped to leave interest rates on hold for a second month, ASX to open lower, Clare desperately wanted to stop drinking but she couldn't make it stick.
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