Iran is bounded to the north by Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, and the Caspian Sea, to the east by Pakistan and Afghanistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Reformist elements rose within the government during the last decade of the 20th century, opposed both to the ongoing rule of conservative clergy and to Irans continued political and economic isolation from the international community. The region fell under the sway of successive waves of Persian, Turkish, and Mongol conquerors until the rise of the Safavids, who introduced Twelver Shiism as the official creed, in the early 16th century. In rural areas, which are largely agrarian, social stratification is much less marked. [49] Allentoft et al. 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They also constitute a significant diaspora with several . During the 1st centuries of the 1st millennium BC, the ancient Persians established themselves in the western portion of the Iranian Plateau and appear to have interacted considerably with the Elamites and Babylonians, while the Medes also entered in contact with the Assyrians. In the 1st millennium AD, their area of settlement, which was mainly concentrated in the steppes and deserts of Eurasia,[7] was significantly reduced as a result of Slavic, Germanic, Turkic, and Mongolic expansions; many were subjected to Slavicization[8][9][10][11] and Turkification. After over eight centuries of foreign rule within the region, the Iranian hegemony was reestablished by the emergence of the Safavid Empire in the 16th century. Although green is a rare eye color in Iran, most people with light eyes have green or light brown eyes, a fantastic combination. [16] The Middle Iranian terms rn and aryn are oblique plural forms of gentilic r- (in Middle Persian) and ary- (in Parthian), both deriving from Old Persian ariya- (), Avestan airiia- () and Proto-Iranian *arya-.[16][17]. We cite peer reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the end of our articles. But note that these are stereotypes only. Gestures: Iranians are generally reserved in their body language and gesture much less than their Arab neighbours. )-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 April 2023, at 20:02. Anyone willing to dedicate the time . About one-third of its 4,770-mile (7,680-km) boundary is seacoast. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 2nd ed., New Haven, Conn. MacKenzie D.N. One of the significant characteristics of the ancient and modern Persian people was their noses. Persian, predominant ethnic group of Iran (formerly known as Persia). From the Achaemenian period the region that is now Irantraditionally known as Persiahas been influenced by waves of indigenous and foreign conquerors and immigrants, including the Hellenistic Seleucids and native Parthians and Sasanids. Qjr rule was marked by the growing influence of the European powers in Irans internal affairs, with its attendant economic and political difficulties, and by the growing power of the Shii clergy in social and political issues. Although the system of government was intended as a parliamentary democracy, persistent instability both at home and abroad have steered its slide into a more theocratic authoritarianism. This amounts to approximately 1.6 million people. Charshanbe Suri and Sizdebedar) begin on the eve of the last Wednesday of the preceding year in the Iranian calendar and last on the 13th day of the new year. [79] Iran's modern architecture was then inspired by that of the country's classical eras, particularly with the adoption of details from the ancient monuments in the Achaemenid capitals Persepolis and Pasargadae and the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon. Sasanian marble bust. [88], Starting with the reign of Omar in 634 AD, Muslim Arabs began a conquest of the Iranian Plateau. THE ETHNONYM: ORIGINS AND APPLICATION", "AZERBAIJAN vii. From the late 2nd millennium BC to early 1st millennium BC the Iranians had expanded from the Eurasian Steppe, and Iranian peoples such as Medes, Persians, Parthians and Bactrians populated the Iranian Plateau.[57][58]. Another Iranian tribe related to the Saka-Scythians were the Parni in Central Asia, and who later become indistinguishable from the Parthians, speakers of a northwest-Iranian language. [50], The earliest known chariots have been found in Sintashta burials, and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology, which spread throughout the Old World and played an important role in ancient warfare. Iranian influence spread to the neighbouring Ottoman Empire, where Persian was often spoken at court (though a heavy Turko-Persian basis there was set already by the predecessors of the Ottomans in Anatolia, namely the Seljuks and the Sultanate of Rum amongst others) as well to the court of the Mughal Empire. For a period of over 400 years, the Sasanians and the neighboring Byzantines were recognized as the two leading powers in the world. The heart of the storied Persian empire of antiquity, Iran has long played an important role in the region as an imperial power and laterbecause of its strategic position and abundant natural resources, especially petroleumas a factor in colonial and superpower rivalries. The Iranian peoples [1] or Iranic peoples [2] are a diverse grouping of Indo-European peoples [1] [3] who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages and other cultural similarities. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [29][10], Some medieval and early modern Islamic sources also used cognates of the term Persian to refer to various Iranian peoples and languages, including the speakers of Khwarazmian,[30] Mazanderani,[31] and Old Azeri. About The Helpful Professor Thomson. These Iranian-speaking Scythians and Sarmatians dominated large parts of Eastern Europe for a millennium, and were eventually absorbed and assimilated (e.g. In a word, they become Persianized. and Suppl., Leiden: Late E.J. The administrative languages were Elamite in the early period, and later Imperial Aramaic,[69] as well as Greek, making it a widely used bureaucratic language. The Kurds are . Indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia in: Barbara Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston (Ed.) [47] It is probably the archaeological manifestation of the Indo-Iranian language group. This article will discuss five physical characteristics and five stereotypical traits of the Persian people. The next group generally comprises labourers of various sorts, while the lowest class includes the unskilled and the unemployed. Copyright 2023 Helpful Professor. To the east, it reaches into the Minusinsk depression, with some sites as far west as the southern Ural Mountains,[55] overlapping with the area of the earlier Afanasevo culture. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [104][105] The Aimaqs, a semi-nomadic people native to Afghanistan,[106] speak a variety of Persian by the name of Aimaqi, which also belongs to the Dari dialect continuum.[82][107]. Alexander died shortly thereafter leaving his generals and their descendants to establish their own subempires. [109] They are primarily located in the western regions of India principally the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, with smaller communities in other parts of India and in South and Southeast Asia. They have a rounded head, small, rounded ears, and big eyes. The Proto-Iranians are believed to have emerged as a separate branch of the Indo-Iranians in Central Asia around the mid-2nd millennium BC. Thanks for the input Cheri, I think this adds value to the piece. The boning is heavy but the tail is short and the ears are small. The Indo-Iranian migrations took place in two waves. Later, during the 2nd millennium AD, the Iranian peoples would play a prominent role during the age of Islamic expansion and empire. Apparently, the Persians themselves knew the story,[27] as Xerxes I tried to use it to suborn the Argives during his invasion of Greece, but ultimately failed to do so. International Mountain Society, California, 2007. The Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were spread across Great Hungarian Plain, South-Eastern Ukraine, Russias Siberian, Southern, Volga,[59] Uralic regions and the Balkans,[60][61][62] while other Scythian tribes, such as the Saka, spread as far east as Xinjiang, China. Finely decorated pre-Islamic structures still stand in several ancient cities, as do spectacular mosques and shrines from the Muslim era. The Kurds and Turkmen are predominantly Sunni Muslims, and Irans Arabs are Sunni and Shii. [131] In Iran, the Nowruz celebrations (incl. [102] Various annual festivals that were mainly related to agriculture and herding were celebrated, the most important of which was the New Year (Nowruz), which is still widely celebrated. An ancient tradition that has been preserved in Iran and several other countries that were under the influence of the ancient empires of Iran,[129][130] Nowruz has been registered on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. Ancient Persian Culture flourished between the reign of Cyrus II (The Great, r. c. 550-530 BCE), founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, and the fall of the Sassanian Empire in 651 CE. V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. [110] They speak a dialect version of Gujarati, and no longer speak in Persian. The Tajiks are a people native to Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan who speak Persian in a variety of dialects. [89] The Iranian peoples would later split along sectarian lines as the Persians adopted the Shi'a sect. One of the most common misconceptions or stereotypes about the Persian people is that they speak Arabic. From Scythia to Camelot by Littleton and Malcor, pp. Another group of Alans allied with Goths to defeat the Romans and ultimately settled in what is now called Catalonia (Goth-Alania). The Persian people are one of the oldest civilizations that still inhabit their homeland. As the definition of the God of Iranians, The presence of "East-Eurasian" haplogroup. Weight range: Male: large: >12 lbs. To these gods the Persians offer sacrifice in the following manner: they raise no altar, light no fire, pour no libations; there is no sound of the flute, no putting on of chaplets, no consecrated barley-cake; but the man who wishes to sacrifice brings his victim to a spot of ground which is pure from pollution, and there calls upon the name of [10][38] The ninth-century BC Neo-Assyrian inscription of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, found at Nimrud, gives it in the Late Assyrian forms Parsua and Parsuma as a region and a people located in the Zagros Mountains, the latter likely having migrated southward and transferred the name of the region with them to what would become Persis (Persia proper, i.e., modern-day Fars), and that is considered to be the earliest attestation to the ancient Persian people. The division into an "Eastern" and a "Western" group by the early 1st millennium is visible in Avestan vs. Old Persian, the two oldest known Iranian languages. List of geographic names of Iranian origin, "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey", "The Early History of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid Empire to the Death of Cambyses", "AZERBAIJAN vii. [56] Other aspects of this national culture included the glorification of a great heroic past and an archaizing spirit. Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. The name Persia derives from Parsa, the name of the Indo-European nomadic people who migrated into southern Iranto an area then called Persisabout 1000 bce. [121] Gardens assumed an important place for the Achaemenid monarchs,[120] and utilized the advanced Achaemenid knowledge of water technologies,[122] including aqueducts, earliest recorded gravity-fed water rills, and basins arranged in a geometric system. It was inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List in June 2011. These peoples were among the oldest Indo-European ethnolinguistic groups and one of the most archaic, because Anatolians were among the first Indo-European peoples to separate from the Proto-Indo-European community that gave origin to the . [64][65][66] Cappadocia in Late Antiquity, now well into the Roman era, still retained a significant Iranian character; Stephen Mitchell notes in the Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity: "Many inhabitants of Cappadocia were of Persian descent and Iranian fire worship is attested as late as 465".[67]. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan", "Iranian Identity ii. In Greek inscription says "ego tou Arianon ethnous despotes eimi", which translates to "I am the king of the kingdom (nation) of the Iranians". [citation needed], Iranian languages were and, to a lesser extent, still are spoken in a wide area comprising regions around the Black Sea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Russia and the northwest of China. They are descended from a division of Sarmatians, the Alans who were pushed out of the Terek River lowlands and in the Caucasus foothills by invading Huns in the 4th century CE. Vol. The RomanPersian wars and the ByzantineSasanian wars would shape the landscape of Western Asia, Europe, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin for centuries. Please select which sections you would like to print: Also known as: Islamic Republic of Iran, Jomhr-ye Eslm-ye rn, Professor of Feminist Studies, University of California at Santa Barbara. These Sarmatians were also known to the Romans, who conquered the western tribes in the Balkans and sent Sarmatian conscripts, as part of Roman legions, as far west as Roman Britain. [27], The trilingual inscription erected by the command of Shapur I gives a more clear description. [20] The Tajiks of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are native speakers of Tajik, which is the official language of Tajikistan, and those in Afghanistan speak Dari, one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. The regal-looking Persian cat is the ultimate feline for lap-sitting and couch cuddling. [56], The Parthians and the Sasanians would also extensively interact with the Romans culturally. The presence of haplogroup J2, like in Iran, of 520%. [73] At their greatest reported extent, around the 1st century AD, these tribes ranged from the Vistula River to the mouth of the Danube and eastward to the Volga, bordering the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas as well as the Caucasus to the south. In urban areas Persian society is stratified by profession; real-estate investors and commercial entrepreneurs occupy the highest position, followed by upper-level administrators, merchants, and clergy. [80] [30] Eudemus of Rhodes (Dubitationes et Solutiones de Primis Principiis, in Platonis Parmenidem) refers to "the Magi and all those of Iranian (reion) lineage". Pointing: It is considered rude to point your index finger at another person during conversation. There are an estimated 150 to 200 million native speakers of Iranian languages, the six major groups of Persians, Lurs, Kurds, Tajiks, Baloch, and Pashtuns accounting for about 90% of this number. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD", "IRAN vi. Iran has an incredibly diverse ethnic makeup of people within its borders, with the largest ethnic group being Persians. At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic authors have also used Persian literature in the environment of Persianate cultures. You can be Iranian and be Mazandarani, Gilaki, Kurdish, Lur, Baloch, Azeri, Turkmen, Arab or another ethnicity. Material culture is a physical representation of a culture that can be held, tasted, or used. [11] The Achaemenids developed the infrastructure to support their growing influence, including the establishment of the cities of Pasargadae and Persepolis. Although no writing in Persian occurred for a period of nearly five centuries after Alexander the Great captured the region, the tradition resumed during approximately the 3rd century ce and continued into the 21st century. Encyclopdia Iranica. [44] The Medes, another group of ancient Iranian people, unified the region under an empire centered in Media, which would become the region's leading cultural and political power of the time by 612 BC. The Himalayan is an extreme looking breed. The Proto-Iranians are believed to have emerged as a separate branch of the Indo-Iranians in Central Asia around the mid-2nd millennium BC. The authors concluded that the Iranian gene pool has been an important source for the Middle Eastern and Eurasian Y chromosome diversity, and the results suggest that there was already rather high Y chromosome diversity during the Neolithic period, placing Iranian populations in between Europeans, Middle Easterners and South Asians.
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